Preface
Suggested Assignments
1 Introduction
1-l Electromagnetics: Its Importance
l-2 Dimensions and Units
l-3 Fundamental and Secondary Units
l-4 How to Read the Symbols and Notation
l-5 Equation and problem Numbering
l-6 Vector Analysis
Introduction
Scalars and Vectors
Vector Addition and Subtraction
Multiplication and Division of a Vector by a Scalar
Rectangular Coordinates and the Resolution of a Vector into Components
The Scalar or Dot Product of Two Vectors
The Line Integral
The Surface Integral
The Volume Integral
Vector or Cross-Product of Two Vectors
1-7 Introduction to Coordinate Systems
Coordinate Tables
Problems
2 Electric and Magnetic Fields
2-l Introduction
2-2 Eleca4c Fields
Electric Charge Q and Electric Field E
2-3 Electric Potential V and Its Gradient E
Superposition of Potential
2-4 Electric Field Streamlines and Equipotential Contours;
Orthogonality
2-5 Multiconductor Transmission Lines
Line Charges
2-6 Electric Flux and Electric Flux Density (or Displacement):Gauss's Law
Surface Charge, Uniform Case
Surface Charge, Nonuniform Case
Volume Charge and Gauss's Law
2-7 Divergence
Poisson's and Laplace's Equations
2-8 Boundary Conditions; Dielectric Media
2-9 Capacitors and Capacitance; Capacitor Cells
Capacitor Energy and Energy Density
2-1O Twin-Strip and Microstrip Transmission Lines
2-l1 Electric Currents
Electric Current and Current Density
Resistance and Conductance; Resistivity and Conductivity
Ohm's Law
Ohm's Law at a Point and Current Density
Power and Joule's Law
Dielectrics, Conductors, and Semiconductors Compared-An Overview
Conductor Cells
Boundary Conditions; Conducting Media
Potential and emf
2-12 Magnetic Fields of Electric Currents
Magnetic Flux m and Magnetic Flux Density B; Gauss's Law
Lorentz Force or Motor Equation
Inductance, Inductors, Energy, and Energy Density
Inductor Energy and Energy Density
Inductor Cells
2-13 Changing Magnetic Fields, Induction, and Faraday's Law
2-14 Examples of Induction
Motion and Time-Changing Induction
Coupling, Cross Talk, and Mutual Inductance
2- 15 Curl
2- 16 Maxwell's Equations
Problems
3 Transmission Lines
3-l Introduction
3-2 Circuit Theory
3-3 Field Theory
The Microstrip Transmission Line
Transmission Line Impedance Formulas
Energy, Power, and Poynting Vector
The Terminated Uniform Transmission Line and VSWR
Impedance Matching; The Smith Chart
Using a Smith Chart
Stub Tuning
3-5 Bandwidth
3-6 Pulses and Transients
The N4 Transformer
Important Conclusions
Problems
4 Wave Propagation, Attenuation, Polarization,Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction
4-l Introduction
4-2 Waves in Space
4-3 Traveling Waves and Standing Waves
4-4 Conductors and Dielectrics
4-5 Conducting Media and Lossy Lines
4-6 Dielectric Hysteresis and Dielectric Loss
4-7 Plane Waves at Interfaces and Analogous Transmission Lines
Wave Absorption with Conducting Sheet (Salisbury Sheet)
Wave Absorption with Ferrite-Titanate Medium
4-8 Relative Phase Velocity and Index of Refraction
4-9 Group Velocity
4-1O Power and Energy Relations
4-11 Linear, Elliptical, and Circular Polarization
4-12 Poynting Vector for Elliptically and Circularly Polarized Waves
4-13 The Polarization Ellipse and the Poincare Sphere
4-14 Oblique Incidence: Reflection and Refraction
Perpendicular Case (E)
Parallel Case (E)
4-15 Elliptically Polarized Plane Wave, Oblique Incidence
4-16 Huygens' Principle and Physical Optics; Diffraction
Projects
Problems
5 Antennas, Radiation, and Wireless Systems
5-l Introduction
5-2 Basic Antenna Parameters
5-3 Arrays
Two Isotropic Point Sources
Pattern Multiplication
Binomial Array
Linear Arrays of n Isotropic Piont Sources of Equal Amplitude and Spacings
5-4 Retarded Potentials
5-5 The Short Dipole Antenna and Its Radiation Resistance
5-6 Pattern and Radiation Resistance of N2 and 3N2 Dipoles
5-7 Broadside Array
5-8 Fields of A/2 Dipole Antenna
5-9 Antenna Types
Loops, Dipoles, and Slots
Opened-Out Coaxial Antennas
Opened-Out Two-Conductor Antennas
Opened-Out Waveguide Antennas
Flat-Sheet Reflector Antennas
Parabolic Dish and Dielectric Lens Antennas
End-Fire Antennas: Polyrod. Yagi-Uda. and Helical
Broad-Bandwidth Antennas: Conical Spiral, Log-Periodic,and 3-in-1
Patch Antennas
Arrays of Dipoles and Slots; Frequency Selective Surfaces(FSS)
5-1O Radio Link and Friis Formula
5-ll Antenna Temperature, Signal-to-Noise Ratio, and Remote Sensing
Note: Ratios and Decibels
5-12 Radar and Radar Cross-Section
Pulse Doppler Weather Radar
The Corner Reflector
5-13 Global Position Satellites and Relativity
5-14 Far Field, Near Field, and Fourier Transform
5-15 Earth-Based, Airborne, and Spaceborne Cellular Systems
5-16 Absorption by Atmosphere and Foliage
Projects
Problems
6 Electrodynamics
6-l Introduction
6-2 Charged Particles Moving in Electric Fields
6-3 The Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT); Electrical Deflection
6-4 Charged Particles Moving in a Static Magnetic Field
Particle Radius
Gyrofrequency
6-5 Cathode-Ray Tube; Magnetic Deflection
6-6 Rotary Motor or Generator
6-7 Linear Motor
6-8 Hall-Effect Generator
6-9 Moving Conductor in a Static Magnetic Field
6-1O The Magnetic Brake
Problems
7 Dielectric and Magnetic Materials
7- l Introduction
7-2 Homogeneity, Linearity, and Isotropy
7-3 Table of Permittivities
7-4 The Electric Field in a Dielectric
7-5 The Electric Dipole and Electric-Dipole Moment
7-6 Polarization
7-7 Boundary Relations
7-8 Table of Boundary Relations
7-9 Dielectric Strength
7-IO Energy and Energy Density
7-1l The Atomic Loop
7-12 Magnetic Dipoles, Loops, and Solenoids
7-l3 Magnetic Materials
7-14 Magnetic Dipoles and Magnetization
7-l5 Uniformly Magnetized Rod and Equivalent Air-Core Solenoid
7-16 Boundary Relations
7-17 Ferromagnetism
7-l8 Magnetization Curves
7-l9 Hysteresis
7-20 Energy in a Magnet
7-2 l Permanent Magnets
7-22 Table of Permanent Magnetic Materials
7-23 Demagnetization
7-24 Gapless Circuit
7-25 Magnetic Circuit with Air Gap
7-26 Magnetic Gap Force
7-27 Permanent Magnet with Gap
7-28 Alternating-Current Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials
7-29 Eddy Currents
Problems
8 Waveguides, Resonators, and Fiber Optics
8-l Introduction
8-2 Circuits, Lines, and Guides: A Comparison
8-3 TE Mode Wave in the In8nite-Parallel-Plane Transmission Line or Guide
8-4 The Hollow Rectangular Waveguide
8-5 The Hollow Cylindrical Waveguide
8-6 Hollow Waveguide of Other Cross-Section
8-7 Waveguide Devices
8-8 Waves Traveling Parallel to a Plane Boundary
8-9 Open Waveguides
8-1O Dielectric Sheet Waveguides
8-ll Dielectric Fiber and Rod Waveguides: Fiber Optics
8-l2 Cavity Resonators
Project
Problems
9 Bioelectromagnetics
9-l Introduction
9-2 The Axon: An Active, Lossless, Shielded,Noiseless Transmission Line
9-3 Retinal Optic Fibers
9-4 Heart Dipole Field
9-5 Defibrillators and Pacemakers
9-6 Biological Fields
9-7 Electromagnetic Hazards and the Environment
Projects
Solar Power to Food
Problems
Solar Power Problems
References
1O Electromagnetic Effects in High-Speed Digital Systems
l0-l Introduction
Scene I: A Strangely Behaving Reset Signal on a PC Card
Scene II: CD Player on Airplane Interferes with the Navigation System
1O-2 Two Viewpoints: Lumped or Distributed
1O-3 Distributed Systems
Speed and Distance
Rise Time and Length; Lumped versus Distributed Circuits
Knee Frequency
Review of Transmission Line Theory
Reflections in the Presence of Capacitance
Terminations
1O-4 Inductance and Capacitance
How Circuit Boards Are Made
Cross Talk
l0-5 Electromagnetic Interference
Problems
11 Numerical Methods
ll-l Introduction
Il-2 Laplace's Equation in Rectangular Coordinates;Separation of Variables
1l-3 Example l1-l : The Parallel-Plate Capacitor
ll-4 Repetitive Laplace Solution or Finite Difference Method
ll-5 Example 11-2: The Infinite Square Trough with Lid by Repetitive Laplace
11-6 Example 11-3: Infinite Square Trough with Different Potentials on AII Four Sides
11-7 Line Charge Distribution: The Integral Equation and the Moment Method (MM)
ll-8 The Generalized Multipole Technique (GMT)
1l-9 Finite Difference-Time Domain (FD-TD) Technique
1l-1O Finite Element Method (FEM)
ll-ll Continuous Wave (CW) Reflections and FEM
Problems
Appendixes
A Units, Constants, and Other Useful Relations
A-l Fundamental, Mechanical. Electrical, and Magnetic Units
A-2 Trigonometric, Hyperbolic, Logarithmic, and other Relations
A-3 Glyphs (Nonalphabetic Pictograph Symbols)
B Field Maps, Laplace's Equation, Full Vector Notation
Field Mapping
Graphical Solution
Full Vector Notation
C Computer Programs
1: ZX
2: VSWR
3: Bouncing pulses
4: Traveling waves
5: Ground bounce
6: ARRAYPATGAIN
7: REPLA
8: Charged plates
9: Post
10: Lossy line
Il: V-LEVEL
12: SMITH CHART
13: QWT
D Project Equipment
E Answers
Index
Symbols. prefixes and abbreviations
Constants and conversions
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