Preface by Halliday
王宗炎序
导读
Preface and Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions and scope of typology
1.2 Cross-linguistic comparison
1.3 The problem of cross-linguistic comparability
1.4 Non-typological factors and the sampling problem
1.5 Data sources
2 Typological classification
2.1 Introduction
2.1 The concept ora linguistic type strategy
2.3 Morphological typology
3 Implicational universals
3.1 Restrictions on possible language types
3.2 Unrestricted and implicationai universals
3.3 Deeper explanations for word-order universals
4 Markedness in typology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Markedness and implicationai universals
4.3 Criteria for markedness
4.3.1 Structure
4.3.2 Behavior
4-3.2.1 Inflectional behavior
4.3.2.2 Distributional behavior
4.3.3 Frequency
4.3.4 Neutral value
4.4 Conclusion
5 Grammatical hierarchies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Hierarchies, implicational universals and markedness
5.3 The principal grammatical hierarchies
5.3.1 Number
5.3.2 The grammatical relations hierarchy and NP accessibility
5.3.3 Animaey, definiteness and hierarchy of features
5.3.4 Bondedness the modifier hierarchy
5.4 Phonological hierarchies
5.5 Conclusion
6 Prototypes and the interaction of typological patterns
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Clusters and typological evidence ]dr prototypes
6.2.1 Animacy and definiteness
6.2.2 Transitivity
6.3 Markedness reversals and complementary prototypes
6.3.1 Some phonological examples
6.3.2 Case, animacy and verb type
6.3.3 Nouns, verbs and adjectives
6.3.4 Other markedness reversals
6.4 More complex interactions
6.4.1 Place of articulation
6.4.2 Person
6.5 Typology and syntactic analysis
External motivation and the typology of form-function
relations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Markedness and economic motivation
7.2.1 Frequency
7.2.2 Other external explanations for markedness patterns
7.3 iconicity
7.3.1 Isomorphismand polysemy
7.3.2 Iconic motivation
7.3.2.1 Conceptual distance and constituent structure
7.3.2.2 Syntactic categories, objects and events
7.3.2.3 Other universals of linguistic structure
7.4 Competing motivations
7.5 Typological conspiracies and communicative motivation
7.6 Conclusion
8 Diachronic typology
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The dynamicization of synchronic typology
8.3 From states to processes
8.4 Directionality of change
8.5 Grammaticalization
8.5.1 Correlated grammaticalization processes
8.5.1.1 Phonological
8.5.1.2 Morphosvntactic
8.5.1.3 Functional
8.5.2 some issues in grammaticalization
8.6 Conclusion
9 Linguistic explanation in the dynamic paradigm
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Description, explanation and generalization
9.3 lnternal generalizations: language-internal and
cross-linguistic
9.4 External generalizations: language and biology
9.5 Diachronic explanations and synchronic grammar
Notes
References
Map of languages cited
Author index
Language index
Subject index
Croft: Typology and Universals: Errata
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