高级英语写作指南

PrefaceI
PARTIWarmingUp1
CHAPTERIAnIntroductiontoWritinginEnglish5
WHYISWRITINGSOIMPORTANT6
WritingInfluencestheWayWeThink6
WritingContributestotheWayWeLearn8
GoodWritingLeadstoSuccessinCollegeandCareer
WritingEnrichesPersonalGrowth9
WHATISGOODWRITING11
GoodWritingIsGoodThinking11
GoodWritingInvolvesThoughtfulRevision13
GoodWritingIsDirectedTowardanAudience14
GoodWritingAchievesaClearPurpose17
GoodWritingExpressesIdeasClearly18
YOURROADTOSUCCESSASANON-NATIVESPEAKER19
YourAdvantagesasaNon-nativeSpeaker20
YourDisadvantagesasaNon-nativeSpeaker22
TipsforImprovingYourEnglish24
CHAPTER2TheWritingProcess:ABird's-EyeView34
WRITINGASASOCIALACT34
TopicorSubject36
Audience37
PurposeandRole42
WRITINGASAPROCESS44
Inventing45
PlanningandDrafting46
Revising48
EditingandProofreading49
WritingasaRecursiveProcess49
PARTIIStrategiesforInventing,Reading,Think-ing,andResearching51
CHAPTER3InventingandPlanning56
Freewriting57
Brainstorming61
Branching65
Cubing68
QuestioningorJournalisticFormula71
WhichTechniqueShouldYouUse?74
PlanningandOutlining75
CHAPTER4ReadingwithaCriticalEye83
READINGACTIVELY84
Previewing85
Skimming88
Reading
"OnRacistSpeech"CharlesR.LawrenceIII89
Annotating92
Reading
"TheHarmfulMythofAsianSuperiority"RonaldTakaki95
COMPREHENDINGCONSTRUCTIVELY98
Outlining99
Paraphrasing101
Summarizing103
RESPONDINGTHOUGHTFULLY106
Exploring106
Evaluating108
Readings
"Everybody'sChildren"ColinL.Powell114
"TheDoctorWon'tSeeYouNow"JamesGorman119
"CompetitionIsDestructive"AlfieKohn121
CHAPTER5ThinkingCritically126
WHATISCRITICALTHINKING126
WRITINGTOFACILITATECRITICALTHINKING126
Reading
"InDefenseoftheAnimals"MegGreenfield133
INDUCTIVEREASONING138
What'sInductiveReasoning138
TheMoretheMerrier140
AWordofCaution143
Reading
"IWantaWife"JudyBrady145
DEDUCTIVEREASONING148
WhatIsDeductiveReasoning148
PremisesandSyllogism151
Reading
"Unabomber'sNextVictim:Responsibility"GeorgeWill163
FALLACIES166
Equivocation167
CircularReasoning(Tautology)168
BeggingtheQuestion169
GuiltbyAssociation169
Overgeneralization170
HastyGeneralization170
Oversimplification171
PostHoc172
Readings
"OfferingEuthanasiaCanBeanActofLove"DerekHumphry175
"TheLanguageofAdvertisingClaims"JeffreySchrank178
CHAPTER6Researching,Using,andAcknowledgingSources187
FIELDRESEARCH189
Observing189
Interviewing191
Surveying194
LIBRARYRESEARCH199
GeneralReferences200
Indexes,Abstracts,andCatalogs201
Bibliographies202
ElectronicSources202
USINGSOURCES204
EvaluatingSources205
IncorporatingSourcesinYourOwnWriting207
ACKNOWLEDGINGSOURCES213
In-textParentheticalCitation214
WorksCitedorReferencesList217
PARTIIIStrategiesforDescriptiveandNar-rativeWritings227
CHAPTER7DescribingEvents233
Readings
"FreeFalling"ScotWeckerly236
"UnripenedLight"AlYoung243
KeyFeaturesofWritingsaboutEvents251
NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite253
CHAPTER8DescribingPeople260
Readings
"UncleWillie"MayaAngelou261
"OnlyShe"ErickYoung267
KeyFeaturesofWritingsaboutPeople274
NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite275
CHAPTER9WritingProfiles281
Readings
"AldaHanna:32YearsofThemeSongsandScience"AnnetteSpahr282
"InsidetheBrain"DavidNoonan287
KeyFeaturesofProfileWriting297
NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite298
PARTIVStrategiesforInformativeandEx-planatoryWritings305
CHAPTER10WritingtoInform310
Readings
"HostFamiliesAreNeeded"312
"TheFriendshipCommunityCenter:CampaignforFriendship"315
"DangersofSmoking"JenniferWalters320
KeyFeaturesofInformativeWritings324
NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite325
CHAPTER11WritingtoExplainHow330
Readings
"MiniSpringRolls"331
"InFiveEasySteps"AlisonPoller334
"BeatingtheBlues,WinningtheGame"ElizabethA.Thomas338
KeyFeaturesofWritingsExplainingHow343
NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite345
CHAPTER12WritingtoExplainWhat350
Readings
"Love:TheRightChemistry?"AnastasiaToufexis351
"FallingBelowtheNorm:MentalRetardation"RobertS.Feldman361"AIDS"367
KeyFeaturesofWritingsExplainingWhat372
NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite375
PARTVStrategiesforPersuasiveandArgu-mentativeWritings381
CHAPTER13WritingtoArgue386
Readings
"MakingMonsters"PhuongPham394
"FiveMythsaboutImmigration"DavidCole400
"TheHardQuestions:OurBodies,OurClones"Jean
BethkeElshtain408
KeyFeaturesofArgumentativeWritings415
NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite418
CHAPTER14WritingtoPropose428
Readings
"ThisIsn'tSuchaDumbIdea"LeighMontville434
"MoreTesting,MoreLearning"PatrickO'Malley439
"SpamControlProposal"JonDavis447
KeyFeaturesofWritingProposals455
NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite457
CHAPTER15WritingtoAnalyze466
Readings
"Saddam'sAdvantage:IraqHopestoScorePointsasVic-
timofU.S.Aggression"DavidT.Twining468
"WhyDoSoManyRiskSoMuchForSex?"DeliaM.Rios
472
"CrackandtheBox"PeteHamill477
KeyFeaturesofArgumentativeWriting487
NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite489
CHAPTER16WritingtoEvaluate496
Readings
"OvertheHill?IThinkNot!"RichardGingrich499
"SongedeTitanic"FrankThompson502
"TopTenBestCollegeBuysNow"DeniseM.Topolnicki
512
KeyFeaturesofArgumentativeWriting519
NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite522
PARTVIStrategiesforOtherWritingSituations529
CHAPTER17WritingResearchPapers533
Readings
"Dating,SocialAvoidanceandDistress"MarshallPris-
bell535
"ImmunocytochemistryDejaVu"DavidJ.DabbsandXiaohongWang542
KeyFeaturesofResearchPapers544
NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite551
CHAPTER18TakingEssayExams575
KeyFeaturesofEssayExams576
PreparingforEssayExams578
TakingEssayExams580
SampleEssayExamQuestionsandAnswers584
CHAPTER19WritingforBusinessPurposes599
MEMOS599
KeyFeaturesofMemos600
SampleMemos603
BUSINESSLETTERS607
KeyFeaturesofBusinessLetters607
SampleBusinessLetters(withThreeKindsofMessages)616
REFERENCELETTERS623
KeyFeaturesofReferenceLetters623
CHAPTER20WritingforApplicationPurposes631
RESUMEORCURRICULUMVITAE632
PreparingfortheResume632
WritingtheResume635
TipsforWritingWinningResumes640
SampleResumes646
COVERLETTERS658
PreparingfortheCoverLetter659
WritingtheCoverLetter662
TipsforWritingWinningCoverLetters667
SampleCoverLetters670
PARTVIIStrategiesforRevisingandEditing677
CHAPTER21EssayOrganization682
ENGLISHANDCHINESEORGANIZATIONALPATTERNS:ACON-TRASTIVEVIEW682
FIVEBASICORGANIZATIONALPATTERNS687
General-to-Specific/Abstract-to-Concrete687
Specific-to-General/Concrete-to-Abstract692
OrderofImportance694
ChronologicalOrder696
SpatialOrder698
OtherOrganizationalPatterns700
INTRODUCTION701
Narrative703
Descriptive705
Preparatory706
Corrective708
Inquisitive709
OtherIntroductions710
THESISSTATEMENT713
CONCLUSION716
RestatingtheMainPoints716
ReferringBacktotheThesis(andtheIntroduction)717
SuggestingaSolution,FurtherStudy,orPredictinganOutcome718
GivingaHumorousCommentorUnexpectedTwist719
CHAPTER22EssayDevelopment721
DESCRIPTION722
Naming722
Specifying725
Comparing727
AppealingtotheSenses729
NARRATION736
OrderingNarrativeAction736
DevelopingNarrativeAction738
NarrativePointofView743
DEFINITION744
SentenceDefinition745
ExtendedDefinition747
CLASSIFICATION750
ChoosingthePrinciplestoClassify753
TestingtheEffectiveness754
ExplainingEachSubgroup756
EXAMPLE759
RelevantExamples760
SpecificExamples761
SufficientExamples762
COMPARISONANDCONTRAST765
PointsforComparingandContrasting766
TwoWaysforOrganizingComparisonandContrast768
CAUSEANDEFFECT772
DistinguishingBetweenCauseandEffect773
Necessity,sufficiency,andMill'sMethods776
OrganizingCauseandEffect779
CHAPTER23SentenceDevelopment786
DEVELOPINGMATURESENTENCES787
FiveBasicSentencePatterns787
SentenceExpansion788
FourBasicSentenceTypes793
OtherSyntacticalPatterns797
SentenceVarietyandMaturity802
AVOIDINGSENTENCEERRORS810
FusedSentencesandCommaSplice810
SentenceFragments814
Subject-VerbAgreement817
PronounAgreement821
PronounReference825
MisplacedandDanglingModifiers828
FaultyParallelism832
CHAPTER24WordChoice836
LEVELSOFDICTION836
FormalandInformal836
General/AbstractandSpecific/Concrete841
DenotationandConnotation843
WordinessandRedundancy845
JargonandSlang854
Archaisms,Neologisms,andDialects858
TriteExpressionsandCliche861
Euphemisms,OffensiveTerms,andSexistLanguage865
FIGURESOFSPEECH871
SimileandMetaphor871
Overstatement(Hyperbole)andUnderstatement876
Irony,Paradox,andOxymoron878
CHAPTER25PunctuationandMechanics882
PUNCTUATION883
Comma[,]883
Colon[:]andSemicolon[;]889
Period[.],QuestionMark[?],andExclamationPoint[!]895
QuotationMarks[“”]899
Dash,Parentheses,andBrackets904
Slash,Hyphen,Apostrophe,andEllipsis909
MECHANICS912
CapitalLetters913
ItalicsandUnderlines918
AbbreviationsandAcronyms921
Numbers923
Subject,Author,andTitleList927
Acknowledgments939
WorksCitedandConsulted942