朗文托福考试完全培训教程

前言
INTRODUCTION
SECTIONONE:LISTENING
LISTENINGDIAGNOSTICPRE-TEST(Paper)
LISTENINGDIAGNOSTICPRE-TEST(Computer)
LISTENINGINTRODUCTION
SHORTDIALOGUES(PaperandComputer)
Strategies
SKILL1:Focusonthelastline
SKILL2:Chooseanswerswithsynonyms
SKILL3:Avoidsimilarsounds
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills1-3)
Who,What,Where
SKILL4:Drawconclusionsaboutwho,what,where
SKILL5:Listenforwhoandwhatinpassives
SKILL6:Listenforwhoandwhatwithmultiplenouns
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills4-6)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-6)
Negatives
SKILL7:Listenfornegativeexpressions
SKILL8:Listenfordoublenegativeexpressions
SKILL9:Listenfor"almostnegative"expressions
SKILL10:Listenfornegativeswithcomparatives
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills7-10)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-10)
Functions
SKILL11:Listenforexpressionsofagreement
SKILL12:Listenforexpressionsofuncertainty
andsuggestion
SKILL13:Listenforemphaticexpressionsofsurprise
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills11-13)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-13)
ContraryMeanings
SKILL14:Listenforwishes
SKILL15:Listenforuntrueconditions
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills14-15)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-15)
IdiomaticLanguage
SKILL16:Listenfortwo-andthree-partverbs
SKILL17:Listenforidioms
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills16-17)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-17)
LONGCONVERSATIONS(Paper)
BeforeListening
SKILL18:Anticipatethetopics
SKILL19:Anticipatethequestions
WhileListening
SKILL20:Determinethetopic
SKILL21:Drawconclusionsaboutwho,what,when,where
SKILL22:Listenforanswersinorder
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills18-22)
LONGTALKS(Paper)
BeforeListening
SKILL23:Anticipatethetopics
SKILL24:Anticipatethequestions
WhileListening
SKILL25:Determinethetopic
SKILL26:Drawconclusionsaboutwho,what,when,where
SKILL27:Listenforanswersinorder
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills23-27)
CASUALCONVERSATIONS(Computer)
SKILL28:Understandcasualconversations
ACADEMICDISCUSSIONS(Computer)
SKILL29:Recognizetheorganization
SKILL30:Listenfordirectandindirectdetails
SKILL31:Visualizethepassage
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills29-31)
ACADEMICLECTURES(Computer)
SKILL32:Recognizetheorganization
SKILL33:Listenfordirectandindirectdetails
SKILL34:Visualizethepassage
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills32-34)
LISTENINGPOST-TEST(Paper)
LISTENINGPOST-TEST(Computer)
SECTIONTWO:STRUCTURE
STRUCTUREDIAGNOSTICPRE-TEST(Paper)
STRUCTUREDIAGNOSTICPRE-TEST(Computer)
STRUCTUREINTRODUCTION
THESTRUCTUREQUESTIONS(PaperandComputer)
SentenceswithOneClause
SKILL1:Besurethesentencehasasubjectandaverb
SKILL2:Becarefulofobjectsofprepositions
SKILL3:Becarefulofappositives
SKILL4:Becarefulofpresentparticiples
SKILL5:Becarefulofpastparticiples
EXERCISE(Skills1-5)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills1-5)
SentenceswithMultipleClauses
SKILL6:Usecoordinateconnectorscorrectly
SKILL7:Useadverbtimeandcauseconnectorscorrectly
SKILL8:Useotheradverbconnectorscorrectly
EXERCISE(Skills6-8)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills6-8)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-8)
MoreSentenceswithMultipleClauses
SKILL9:Usenounclauseconnectorscorrectly
SKILL10:Usenounclauseconnector/subjectscorrectly
SKILL11:Useadjectiveclauseconnectorscorrectly
SKILL12:Useadjectiveclauseconnector/subjectscorrectly
EXERCISE(Skills9-12)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills9-12)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-12)
SentenceswithReducedClauses
SKILL13:Usereducedadjectiveclausescorrectly
SKILL14:Usereducedadverbclausescorrectly
EXERCISE(Skills13-14)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills13-14)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-14)
SentenceswithInvertedSubjectsandVerbs
SKILL15:Invertthesubjectandverbwithquestionwords
SKILL16:Invertthesubjectandverbwithplaceexpressions
SKILL17:Invertthesubjectandverbwithnegatives
SKILL18:Invertthesubjectandverbwithconditionals
SKILL19:Invertthesubjectandverbwithcomparisons
EXERCISE(Skills15-19)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills15-19)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-19)
THEWRITTENEXPRESSIONQUESTIONS
(PaperandComputer)
ProblemswithSubject/VerbAgreement
SKILL20:Makeverbsagreeafterprepositionalphrases
SKILL21:Makeverbsagreeafterexpressionsofquantity
SKILL22:Makeinvertedverbsagree
SKILL23:Makeverbsagreeaftercertainwords
EXERCISE(Skills20-23)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills20-23)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-23)
ProblemswithParallelStructure
SKILL24:Useparallelstructurewithcoordinateconjunctions
SKILL25:Useparallelstructurewithpairedconjunctions
SKILL26:Useparallelstructurewithcomparisons
EXERCISE(Skills24-26)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills24-26)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-26)
ProblemswithComparativesandSuperlatives
SKILL27:Formcomparativesandsuperlativescorrectly
SKILL28:Usecomparativesandsuperlativescorrectly
SKILL29:Usetheirregular-er,-erstructurecorrectly
EXERCISE(Skills27-29)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills27-29)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-29)
ProblemswiththeFormoftheVerb
SKILL30:Afterhave,usethepastparticiple
SKILL31:Afterbe,usethepresentparticipleorthe
pastparticiple
SKILL32:Afterwill,would,orothermodals,use
thebaseformoftheverb
EXERCISE(Skills30-32)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills30-32)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-32)
ProblemswiththeUseoftheVerb
SKILL33:Knowwhentousethepastwiththepresent
SKILL34:Usehaveandhadcorrectly
SKILL35:Usethecorrecttensewith.timeexpressions
SKILL36:Usethecorrecttensewithwillandwould
EXERCISE(Skills33-36)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills33-36)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-36)
ProblemswithPassiveVerbs
SKILL37:Usethecorrectformofthepassive
SKILL38:Recognizeactiveandpassivemeanings
EXERCISE(Skills37-38)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills37-38)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-38)
ProblemswithNouns
SKILL39:Usethecorrectsingularorpluralnoun
SKILL40:Distinguishcountableanduncountablenouns
SKILL41:Recognizeirregularpluralsofnouns
SKILL42:Distinguishthepersonfromthething
EXERCISE(Skills39-42)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills39-42)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-42)
ProblemswithPronouns
SKILL43:Distinguishsubjectandobjectpronouns
SKILL44:Distinguishpossessiveadjectivesandpronouns
SKILL45:Checkpronounreferenceforagreement
EXERCISE(Skills43-45)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills43-45)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-45)
ProblemswithAdjectivesandAdverbs
SKILL46:Usebasicadjectivesandadverbscorrectly
SKILL47:Useadjectivesafterlinkingverbs
SKILL48:Positionadjectivesandadverbscorrectly
EXERCISE(Skills46-48)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills46-48)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-48)
MoreProblemswithAdjectives
SKILL49:Recognize-lyadjectives
SKILL50:Usepredicateadjectivescorrectly
SKILL51:Use-edand-ingadjectivescorrectly
EXERCISE(Skills49-51)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills49-51)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-51)
ProblemswithArticles
SKILL52:Usearticleswithsingularnouns
SKILL53:Distinguishaandan
SKILL54:Makearticlesagreewithnouns
SKILL55:Distinguishspecificandgeneralideas
EXERCISE(Skills52-55)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills52-55)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-55)
ProblemswithPrepositions
SKILL56:Recognizeincorrectprepositions
SKILL57:Recognizewhenprepositionshavebeenomitted
EXERCISE(Skills56--57)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills56-57)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-57)
ProblemswithUsage
SKILL58:Distinguishmakeanddo
SKILL59:Distinguishlike,alike,andunlike
SKILL60:Distinguishotheranotherandothers
EXERCISE(Skills58-60)
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills58-60)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-60)
STRUCTUREPOST-TEST(Paper)
STRUCTUREPOST-TEST(Computer)
SECTIONTHREE:READING
READINGDIAGNOSTICPRE-TEST(Paper)
READINGDIAGNOSTICPRE-TEST(Computer)
READINGINTRODUCTION
THEREADINGCOMPREHENSIONQUESTIONS
(PaperandComputer)
QuestionsabouttheIdeasofthePassage
SKILL1:Answermainideaquestionscorrectly
SKILL2:Recognizetheorganizationofideas
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills1-2)
DirectlyAnsweredQuestions
SKILL3:Answerstateddetailquestionscorrectly
SKILL4:Find"unstated"details
SKILL5:Findpronounreferents
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills3-5)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-5)
IndirectlyAnsweredQuestions
SKILL6:Answerimplieddetailquestionscorrectly
SKILL7:Answertransitionquestionscorrectly
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills6-7)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-7)
VocabularyQuestions
SKILL8:Finddefinitionsfromstructuralclues
SKILL9:Determinemeaningsfromwordparts
SKILL10:Usecontexttodeterminemeaningsof
difficultwords
SKILL11:Usecontexttodeterminemeaningsof
simplewords
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills8-11)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-11)
OverallReviewQuestions
SKILL12:Determinewherespecificinformationisfound
SKILL13:Determinethetone,purpose,orcourse
SKILL14:Determinewheretoinsertapieceofinformation
TOEFLEXERCISE(Skills12-14)
TOEFLREVIEWEXERCISE(Skills1-14)
READINGPOST-TEST(Paper)
READINGPOST-TEST(Computer)
SECTIONFOUR:WRITING
WRITINGINTRODUCTION
TheWritingScore(PaperandComputer)
SampleEssays
BeforeWriting
SKILL1:DecodetheTopic
SKILL2:DevelopSupportingIdeas
WhileWriting
SKILL3:WritetheIntroductoryParagraph
SKILL4:WriteUnifiedSupportingParagraphs
SKILL5:WritetheConcludingParagraph
SKILL6:ConnecttheSupportingParagraphsin
theEssay
AfterWriting
SKILL7:EditSentenceStructure
7ASimpleSentenceStructure
7BCompoundSentenceStructure
7CComplexSentenceStructure
SKILL8:EditWrittenExpression
8AInversionsandAgreement
8BParallel,Comparative,andSuperlative
Structures
8CVerbs
8DNounsandPronouns
8EAdjectivesandAdverbs
8FPrepositionsandUsage
COMPLETETEST(Paper)
ListeningComprehension
StructureandWrittenExpression
ReadingComprehension
TestofWrittenEnglish
COMPLETETEST(Computer)
Listening
Structure
Reading
Writing
APPENDIXES
APPENDIXA:SimilarSounds
APPENDIXB:Two-andThree-PartVerbs
APPENDIXC:Idioms
APPENDIXD:Prepositions
APPENDIXE:WordEndings
APPENDIXF:IrregularVerbForms
APPENDIXG:FormationofthePassive
APPENDIXH:IrregularPlurals
APPENDIXI:WordParts
SCORINGINFORMATION
ScoringYourPre-Tests,Post-Tests,andCompletePracticeTests
ChartingYourProgress
RECORDINGSCRIPT
ANSWERKEY