Preface
l Communication Networks and Services
1.1 Networks and Services
1.2 Approaches to Network Design
1.2.1 Network FunctiOns and Network TOPotogy
1.2.2 Mage. Packet, and Clycuit Switchtw
1.2.3 TelegraPh Networks and MeSSage Switching
1.2.4 TelePhone Networks and CIycuit Switchtw
1.2.J The Internet and Packet Switchtw
1.2.6 Discusslon on Switchtw APProaches
1.3 Key Factors in Communication Network Evolution
1.3.1 Role of Technotogy
1.3.2 RoIe of Regulatlbn
1.3.3 RoIe Of the Market
1.3.4 RoIe Of Standards
1.4 Book Overview
Checklist of Important Terms
Further Reading
Problems
2 ApPlications and Layered Arcbitectures
2.1 Examples of Layering
2.2 The OSI Reference Model
2.2.1 Unthed Vtew of Layers, Protocols, and ServlYes
2.2.2 The Seven-Layer MOdeI
2.3 Overview of TCP/IP Architecture
2.3.1 TCP/IP Protocol: HOw lhe Layers Whrk TOgther
+2.4 The Berkeley API
2.4.1 SOcket System CalIs
2.4.2 Nelwork UtiIity FunCtlbns
+2.5 Application Protocols and TCP/IP Utilities
2.J.1 Telnet
2.5.2 File Transfer Protocol
2.J.3 IP Utl1ities
Summary
Checklist of lmportant Terms
Further Reading
Problems
3 Digital Transmission FundamentaIs
3.1 Digital Representation of InfOrmation
3.1.1 Binary RePresentations of Dtherent Informatlbn TyPes
3.1.2 Network Requlyements of Ddferent Informatlbn TyPes
3.2 Why Digital Communications?
3.2.1 BaSic ProPerties of DigitaI TransmissiOn Systems
3.3 Characterization of Communication Channels
3.3.1 Frequency Domain Characterizallbn
3.3.2 Thoe Domain CharacterizatIbn
3.4 Fundamental Limits in Digital Transmission
J.4.1 The Nyquist Shoaling Rate
3.4.2 The Shannon ChanneI CaPacity
3.5 Line Coding
3.6 Modems and Digital Modulation
3.6.1 SignaI ConsteIIatiOns and TelePhone MOdem Standards
3.7 Properties of Media and Digital Transmission Systems
3.7.1 Twisted Pair
3.7.2 CoaxltrI Cable
3.7.3 OPtical Ftoer
3.7.4 Radto TransmlAslbn
3. 7.5 Infared Lbot
3.8 Error Detection and Correction
3.8.1 Error Detection
3.8.2 Two-Dhaensional Parity Checks
3.8.J Internet Checksum
3.8.4 PoIynomial COdes
3.8.J Standardised Polynomial Codes
J.8.6 Error Detecting CaPability Of a Po!ynomial Code
+3.8.7 Llhear COdes
+3.8.8 Error Correction
Summary
Checklist of Important Terms
Further Reading
Problems
Appendix 3A: Asynchronous Data Transmission
Appendix 3B f Fourier Series
4 Transmission Systems and the TeIephone Network
4.1 Multiplexing
4.1.1 Frequency-Division MultiPIexing
4.1.2 Thoe-Division MultiPlextw
4.2 SONET
4.2.1 SONET MuItlPlextw
4.2.2 SONET Frame Structure
4.3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
4.4 Circuit Switches
44.1 SPace-Division Switches
t442 Thae-DivisiOn Switches
4.5 The Telephone Network
4J.1 Transmission Facilitler
4J.2 Endto-End Digital Services
4.6 Signaling
46I Sghahty System #7 Architecture
4.7 Traffic and Overload Control in Telephone Networks
4 7. I COncentration
4.7.2 Routtw ControI
47.J OverlOad ControIs
4.8 Cellular Telephone Networks
4.9 Satellite Ce1lular Networks
Summary
Checklist of Important Terms
Further Reading
Problems
5 Peer-to-Peer ProtocoIs
5.1 Peer-to-Peer Protocols and Service Models
J.1.1 Service Models
51.2 End to End Requirements and AdaPtation Functions
J.1.J End to End versus HoP by HoP
5.2 ARQ Protocols
S.2.1 StoP-and Whit ARQ
J.2.2 Go-Back-N ARQ
52.3 SeIective RePeat ARQ
J2.4 Transmisslbn Effichocy Of ARQ ProtocoIs
5.3 Other Adaptation Functions
51I W ThdOw Ftow ControI
J32 Thotw Recoveryfor Synchronous Services
J.3.3 ReIiabIe Stream Service
5.4 Data Link Controls
J4.1 HDLC Data Link ControI
s4.2 POint-to-POint ProtocoI
+5.5 Link Sharing using Packet Multiplexers
J.J.1 StatistlkaI MuItlPlextw
JJ.2 SPeech InterPoIation and the MuItlPlextw of Packetltred
SPeech,
Summary
Checklist of Important Terms
Further Reading
Problems
6 Local Area Networks and Medium Access Control
ProtocoIs
6.1 Multiple Access Communications
6.2 Local Area Networks
6.2.1 LAN Structure
6.2.2 The Mednim Access COntroI Subforer
6.2.J The LogicaI Link ControI Layer
6.3 Random Access
6.3.1 ALOHA
6.3.2 Stotted ALOHA
6.3.3 cSus
6.3.4 csus-cn
6.4 Scheduling Approaches to Medium Access Control
6.4.1 Reservation Systems
6.4.2 Polltw
6.4.J Token-PaSsing Rtw
6.4.4 COmParison of Scheduhng APProaches to Medium Access
COntrol
6.4.J ComParison Of Random Access and ScheduItw Mednim
Access ControIs
+6.5 Channelization
6.s.1 rous
6.s.2 rous
6.s.3 cous
6.5.4 ChanneIization in TelePhone CeIluIar Networks
6.J.J Performance of Channehzation Techniques with Bursty
Traffic
6.6 LAN Standards
6.6.1 Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 LAN Standard
6.6.2 Token Rtw and IEEE 802.J LAN Standard
6.6.3 rDDI
6.6.4 twless LANs and M 802.1I Standerd
6.7 LAN Bridges
6.7.1 TrasParent Brdees
6.7.2 Source Routtw Brdees
6.7.3 Mbeumuta N-
SurYunary
Checklist of Important Terms
Further Reading
Problems
7 Packet-Switching Networks
7.1 Network Services and Intemal Network Operation
7.2 Packet Network Topology
7.3 Datagrams and Virtual Circuits
73.1 Structure Of Switch/Router
7.3.2 ConnectiOnless Packet Switchtw
7.3.3 WtualClycuit Packet Switchtw
7.4 Routing in Packet Networks
7.4.1 Routtw Algorithm ChzSS&catlbn
7.4.2 Routtw Tables
7.4.3 Hicrarchical Routtw
7.4.4 Link State versus Dlklance Vector Routtw
7.5 Shortest Path Algorithms
7J.1 The BeIIman-Ford Algorithm
7.5.2 Dijkstras Algorilhm
7.J.3 Other Routtw APProaches
7.6 ATM Networks
7.7 Traffic Management and QoS
7 7 I W and Prlbrity Queues
7 72 Faly Queuetw
7.8 Congestion Control
78.1 OPen-LooP COntro1.
7.8.2 CIOsedLoOP Control
Summary
Checklist of Important Terms
Further Reading
Problems
8 TCPlIP
8.1 The TCP/IP Architecture
8.2 The Internet Protocols
8.2.1 IP Packet
82.2 IP Addresslhg
8.2.3 Subnet Addresstw
8.2.4 IP Routtw
8.2.5 CtossIess Interdomalh Routing (CIDR)
8.2.6 Address Resolution
8.2.7 Reverse Address ResolutiOn
828 Mentation and Reassembly
8.2.9 ICMP: Error and Control MeSSages
8.3 IPv6
8.3.1 Header Format
8.3.2 Network Addresstw
8.1.3 Extenslbn Headers
8.4 User Datagram Protocol
8.5 Transmission Control Protocol
8.J.1 M ReIiable Stream Servlte
8J.2 TCP OPeratiOn
853 TCP Protocol
8.6 DHCP and Mobile IP
8.6.1 DynamlY Host Cotheratlbn ProtocoI
8.6.2 hobile,P
8.7 Internet Routing Protocols
8.7.1 Roultw oprmation Protocol
8.7.2 OPen Shortest Path Ffort
8.7.3 Border Gateway Protocol
8.8 Multicast Routing
8.8.1 Reverse-Path Broadcasttw
v 8.8.2 Internet GrouP Management Protocol
8.8.3 Reverse-Palh MuIticasttw
8.8.4 Distance- Wctor MuIticast Routtw Protocol
Summary
Checklist of Important Terms
Further Reading
Problems
9 ATM NetWorks
9.1 Why ATM?
9.2 BISDN Reference Model
9.3 ATM Layer
9.3.] ATM Cell Header
9.3.2 Virtual Connections
9.3.3 QoS ParameIers
9.3.4 Traffic DescriPtors
9.3.5 ATM Servlte Calegories
9.3.6 Traffic Contracts, COnnectlbn Admisslbn Control, and
Traffic Management
9.4 ATM Adaptation Layer
9.4.1 AALI
9.4.2 AAL2
9.4.3 AAL3/4
9.4.4 AALS
9.4.5 SignaItw AAL
9.4.6 APPIlYatiOns, AALs, and ATM Service Categories
9.5 ATM Signaling
9.J.1 A TM Addresstw
9.J.2 UNI Signaling
9.5.3 PN Sghaltag
9.6 PNNI Routing
Summary
Checklist of Important Terms
Further Reading
Problems
l0 Advanced Network Architectures
l0.1 IP Forwarding Architectures
l0.2 Overlay Model
I0.2.1 Classical IP Over ATM
I0.2.2 LANE
I023 NHRP
I024 MPOA
l0.3 MPLS
103. I Fundamentals Of Labels
10.3.2 LabeI Stack
I0.3.3 re ANrsing
10.3.4 Label Distribution ProtocoI
I03S ExPlicit Routtwfor Traffic Englheertw
10.3.6 MPLS Smporl fOr Thtual Networks
l0.4 Integrated Services in the Internet
I0.4.1 Guaranteed Servlte
I04.2 ControlledLoad Service
l0.5 RSVP
I0.5.1 Receiver-Initiated Reservatlbn
I0.5.2 Reservation Mergtw
I0J.3 Reservatbo Styles
I0J4 Sof State
I0.J.J RSVP Mage Format
l0.6 Differentiated Services
I0.6.1 DS rtelu
I0.6.2 Per HoP Behavlbrs
I063 Traffic COnditiOner
I0.6.4 Bandwndh Broker
Summary
Checklist of Important Terms
Further Rcading
Problems
ll Security Protocols
l1.1 Security and Cryptographic Algorithms
IIII APPIicatlbns of CmptOgraPhy to Security
II12 Key Distributlbn
l1.2 Security Protocols
II2 I APPllkatlbn ScenariOs
II2.2 TyPes Of ServlYe
I12.3 Setttw UP a Security Assocltitlbn
I12.4 IPSec
I1.2.5 Secure SOckets Lewr and TranSPort Layer Security
l1.3 Cryptographic Algorithms
11.3.1 Des
11.3.2 Rs.
Summary
Checklist of Important Terms
Further Reading
Problems
l2 Multimedia InfOrmation and Networking
l2.1 Lossless Data Compression
I21I Wan Codes
I2.1.2 Run-Length Codes
I2.1.3 AdaPtive Codes
l2.2 Digital Representation of Analog Signals
I2.2.1 ProPertltes Of Anatog Sboals
12.2.2 Anatog- to-DigitaI COnversion
I2.2.3 Digital Transmission of Anatog Signals
+I2.2.4 SNR Performance of Quantizers
l2.3 Techniques for Increasing Compression
I2.3.1 Predictive COding
I2.3.2 rransfOrm codtw
I2.3.3 subband coatag
I2.3.4 Discrete Cosine TransfOrm Codtw
12.3.5 The JPEG Image-COdtw Standard
I2.3.6 ComPression of Vndo SboaIs
I2.3.7 The MPEG Vtheo COdtw Standerde
I2.3.8 usro Miltirlextw
l2.4 The Real-Time Transport Protocol
I2.4.1 RTP ScenariOs and Terminotogy
I2.4.2 RTP Packet FOrmat
I2.4.3 RTP Control Prolocol (RTCP)
l2.5 Session Control Protocols
I2.J.1 Session Initiation Protocol
I2.J.2 H.323 MuItimedta CommunicatiOns Systems
12.5.3 Medta Gateway COntrol ProtocoIs
Summary
Checklist of Important Terms
Further Reading
Problems
Epilogue
ApPendices
A Delay and Loss Performance
A.1 Delay Analysis and Littles Formula
A.1.1 ArrivaI Rates and Traffic Load Definitlbns
A.1.2 Little s FOrmula
A.2 Basic Queueing Models
A.2.1 Arrival Processes
A.2.2 Service Thoes
A.2.3 Queuetw Syslem CtossWcation
A.3 M/M/l: A Basic Multiplexer ModeI
A.1.1 MM] Steady State Probabilltler and the NOtiOn
of Stabl1ity
A.3.2 Effct of Scale on PerfOrmance
A.3.3 Average Packet Deler lh a Network
A.4 The M/G/l model
A.4.1 Service Thae VariabilltJ and Deha
A.4.2 PriOrity Queuetw Systems
A.4.3 ffocatlbn Models and MultiPlexer PerfOrmance
A.5 Erlang B FormuIa: M/M/c/c System
Further Reading
B Network Management
B.1 Network Management Overview
B.2 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
B.3 Structure of Management Information
B.4 ManagCment Information Base
B.5 Remote Network Monitoring
Further Reading
Index
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