Series editors'' preface
ix
Preface xi
I PRELIMINARIES; EARLY PHASES OF THE FIELD
1
I Toward an extended definition of contrastive rhetoric
3
Writing in a second language: anecdotal evidence about
problems and solutions
3
Study of second language writing: the emergence of
contrastive rhetoric
5
Aims, purposes, and outline of this book
6
Building a comprehensive theory of contrastive rhetoric
Contrastive rhetoric studies in applied linguistics
12
Contrastive analysis, error analysis, and analysis of
interlanguage
12
Development of contrastive rhetoric: parallel with contrastive
analysis 14
International Englishes
16
New directions in contrastive rhetorical research in applied
linguistics contexts
18
Summary
26
Historical evolution of contrastive rhetoric: from Kaplan''s
1966 study to diversification in languages, genres, and
authors
28
Origins of contrastive rhetoric
28
Arabic
34
Chinese
37
Japanese
41
Korean, German, Finnish, Spanish, and Czech
45
Summary
54
INTERFACES WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES
57
4 Contrastive rhetoric and the field of rhetoric and
composition
59
The role of rhetoric and composition in college education in
the United States
59
Classical rhetoric
62
The expressionist approach
71
Contrastive rhetoric and the expressionist approach
72
Writing as a cognitive approach
74
The social constructivist approach
76
Summary
79
5 Contrastive rhetoric and text linguistics
80
Brief overview of the history of text linguistics;
definitions
80
Major schools of thought in text linguistics
81
Concepts and methods of text linguistics and their application
to the study of writing
83
NORDTEXT and NORDWRITE text linguistic projects of
student writing
89
Survey of contrastive rhetorical studies with a text linguistic
emphasis
90
Summary
97
6 Writing as an activity embedded in a culture
100
Definition of culture
101
Psychological investigations of culture and literacy
101
Anthropological study of culture and literacy
105
Educational study of culture and literacy
107
Studies of culture and literacy conducted by applied
linguists
113
Summary
11 S
7 Contrastive rhetoric and translation studies
117
Development of theories of translation studies
117
Transfer in contrastive rhetoric and translation theory
120
Issues in common: theories of acceptability and adequacy
in translation
121
Summary
123
8 Genre-specific studies in contrastive rhetoric
126
The concept of genre
126
School writing
129
Academic writing
132
Professional writing
135
Learning academic writing in sociocognitive perspective as a
dynamic activity
145
Summary
149
III IMPLICATIONS OF CONTRASTIVE RHETORIC
151
Methods of research in contrastive rhetoric
153
Guidance from studies of composition pedagogy
153
Methods of contrastive rhetorical research
155
Summary and implications
162
10 Conclusion: Implications and research directions
166
Implications from contrastive text studies
167
Implications from contrastive process-based writing
167
Implications from contrastive genre-specific research in EFL
settings
169
Testing ESL/EFL writing in a cross-cultural setting
170
Research directions
172
References
175
Author index
195
Subject index
199
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