PREFACE
Part I: Introduction to Systems
1 SYSTEM DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS
1.1 System Definitions and Elements 1
1.2 Classification of Systems 4
1.3 Science and Systems Science 7
1.4 Transition to the Systems Age 10
1.5 Technology and Technical Systems 12
1.6 Engineering in the Systems Age 14
Questions and Problems 16
2 BRINGING SYSTEMS INTO BEING
2.1 Engineering for Product Competitiveness l7
2.2 System Life-Cycle Engineering l9
2.3 Systems Engineering Definitions 23
2.4 The Systems Engineering Process 24
2.5 System Design Evaluation 29
2.6 Implementing Systems Engineering 36
Questions and Problems 43
Part II: The System Design Process
3 CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM DESlGN
3.1 Identification of Need 45
3.2 Accomplishment of Feasibility Analysis 46
3.3 Advance System Planning 47
3.4 System Requirements Analysis 48
3.5 Technical Performance Measures (TPMs) 57
3.6 Functional Analysis and Allocation 61
3.7 Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation 67
3.8 System Specification 69
3.9 Conceptual Design Review 71
Questions and Problems 72
4 PREUMlNARY SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 Subsystem Functional Analysis 74
4.2 Requirements Allocation 80
4.3 Design Requirements (Parameters) 84
4.4 Engineering Design Technologies 86
4.5 Synthesis and Design Definition 93
4.6 System Design Reviews 94
Questions and Problems 96
5 DETAIL DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
5.1 Detail Design Requirements 97
5.2 Integrating System Elements 99
5.3 Design Engineering Activities 104
5.4 Detail Design Aids 107
5.5 Detail Design Documentation 108
5.6 System Prototype Development l12
5.7 Detail Design Reviews l14
Questions and Problems l l9
6 SYSTEM TEST AND EVALUATION
6.l Requirements for Test and Evaluation 121
6.2 Categories of System/Component Testing l23
6.3 Planning for Test and Evaluation 128
6.4 Preparation for Test and Evaluation 130
6.5 Test Performance and Reporting 132
6.6 System Modification l40
Questions and Problems l40
Part III: Systems Analysis and Design Evaluation
7 ALTERNATlVES AND MODELS IN DECISION MAKING
7.1 Alternatives in Decision Making 143
7.2 Models in Decision Making l45
7.3 Decision Evaluation Theory 149
7.4 The Decision Evaluation Matrix 153
7.5 Decisions Under Assumed Certainty 155
7.6 Decisions Under Risk l57
7.7 Decisions Under Uncertainty l60
7.8 The Decision Evaluation Display l64
Questions and Problems l66
8 MODELS FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION
8.1 Interest and Interest Formulas l69
8.2 Determining Economic Equivalence 175
8.3 Evaluating a Single Alternative Under Certainty 179
8.4 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives Under Certainty 186
8.5 Evaluations Involving Multiple Criteria 190
8.6 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives with Multiple Features 192
8.7 Break-Even Economic Evaluations l95
8.8 Break-Even Analysis Under Risk 200
Questions and Problems 201
9 OPTIMIZATION IN DESIGN AND OPERATIONS
9.1 Classical Optimization Theory 206
9.2 Unconstrained Classical Optimization 213
9.3 Constrained Classical Optimization 231
9.4 Evaluation Involving Optimization and Multiple Criteria 236
9.5 Constrained Optimization by Liriear Programming 238
9.6 Constrained Optimization by Dynamic Programming 247
Questions and Problems 256
10 QUEUING THEORY AND ANALYSIS
10.1 The Queuing System 261
10.2 Monte Carlo Analysis of Queuing 265
10.3 Single-Channel Queuing Models 268
10.4 Multiple-Channel Queuing Models 278
l0.5 Queuing with Nonexponential Service 280
10.6 Finite Population Queuing Models 283
10.7 Repairable Equipment Population Systems 291
Questions and Problems 303
11 CONTROL CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES
11.1 Some Control Concepts 306
11.2 Statistical ProcessControl 309
l1.3 Optimum Policy Control 320
11.4 Project Control with CPM and PERT 323
11.5 Total Quality Control 334
Questions and Problems 339
Part IV: Design for Operational Feasibility
12 DESlGN FOR RELlABILITY
12.1 Definition and Explanation of Reliability 345
12.2 Measures of Reliability 347
12.3 Reliability in the System Life Cycle 362
12.4 Reliability Analysis Methods 375
12.5 Design Review and Evaluation 387
12.6 Reliability Test and Evaluation 389
Questions and Problems 396
13 DESIGN FOR MAINTAINABILITY
13.1 Definition and Exp1anation of Maintainability 401
13.2 Measures of Maintainability 402
13.3 Maintainability in the System Life Cycle 417
13.4 Maintainability Analysis Methods 424
13.5 Design Review and Evaluation 447
13.6 Maintainability Demonstration 448
Questions and Problems 454
14 DESIGN FOR USABlLITY (HUMAN FACTORS)
14.1 Definition and Explanation of Human Factors 459
14.2 The Measures in Human Factors 474
14.3 Human Factors in the System Life Cycle 475
14.4 Human Factors Analysis Methods 478
14.5 Personnel and Training Requirements 485
14.6 Design Reviefu and Evaluation 487
14.7 Personnel Test and Evaluation 488
Questions and Problems 488
15 DESIGN FOR SUPPORTABILITY (SERVICEABILITY)
15.1 Definition and Explanation of Supportability 491
15.2 The Elements of Support 492
15.3 The Measures of Supportability 495
15.4 Logistic Support in the System Life Cycle 513
15.5 Supportability Ana1ysis (SA) 52l
15.6 Continuous Acquisition and Life-Cycle Support (CALS) 528
15.7 Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) 529
15.8 Supportability Test and Evaluation 53l
Questions and Problems 532
16 DESIGN FOR PRODUCIBILITY AND DISPOSABILITY
16.l Introduction to Producibility and Disposability 535
16.2 Producibility and Disposability in the System Life Cycle 539
16.3 Design for Producibility 544
16.4 Modeling Manufacturing Progress 549
16.5 Design for Disposability 550
16.6 Integration of Producibility and Disposability 553
Questions and Problems 554
17 DESIGN FOR AFFORDABILITY (LIFE-CYCLE COST)
l7.l Introduction to Life-Cycle Costing 557
17.2 Cost Emphasis in the System Life Cyc1e 561
l7.3 The Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Process 565
l7.4 A Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Process Example 567
17.5 Life-Cycle Cost Applications and Benefits 597
Questions and Problems 602
Part V: Systems Engineering Management
18 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION
18.l Systems Engineering Planning 610
l8.2 System Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) 610
18.3 Organization for Systems Engineering 626
18.4 Summary 638
Questions and Problems 638
19 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
19.1 Organizational Goals and Objectives 640
19.2 Direction and Control of Program Activities 642
19.3 Program Evaluation Factors 653
19.4 Program Risk Management 657
Questions and Problems 661
Part VI: Appendices
APPENDIX A: ANALYSIS AND CHECKLIST METHODS
A.1 Functional Analysis 665
A.2 Design Review Checklists 674
APPENDIX B: PROBABILITY THEORY AND ANALYSIS
B.1 Probability Concepts and Theory 678
B.2 Probability Distribution Models 681
B.3 Monte Carlo Analysis 690
APPENDIX C: PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL TABLES
C.1 Random Rectangular Variates 696
C.2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities 698
C.3 Cumu1ative Normal Probabilities 702
APPENDIX D: INTEREST FACTORS TABLES
Tables D.1 to D.8 Interest Factors for Annual Compounding 704
APPENDIX E: FINITE QUEUING TABLES
Table E.1 to E.3 Finite Oueuing Factors 7l3
APPENDlX F: SELECTED BIBLlOGRAPHY
F.1 Systems, Systems Theory, Systems Engineering,and Systems Analysis 722
F.2 Concurrent/Simultane ous Engineering 723
F.3 Software/Computer-Aided Systems 724
F.4 Reliability, Maintainability, and Maintenance Engineering 724
F.5 Human Factors and Safety Engineering 725
F.6 Logistics and Logistics Engineering 725
F.7 Quality, Quality Engineering, and Quality Assurance 726
F.8 Production, Producibility, and Environmental Engineering 726
F.9 Operations Research, and Operations Analysis 727
F.l0 Engineering Economy, Economic Analysis, and Cost Estimating
F.11 Management and Supporting Areas 727
INDEX
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