化工过程设计

     Contents
   Preface xiii
   Acknowledgments xv
   Nomenclature xvil
   Chapter 1. The Hierarchy of Chemical Process Design
    1.1 Introduction
    1.2 Overall Process Design
    1.3 The Hierarchy of Process Design and the Onion Model
    1.4 Approaches to Process Design
    1.5 The Hierarchy of Chemical Process Design-Summary
    1.6 References
   Chapter 2. Choice of Reactor
    2.1 Reaction Path
    2.2 Types of Reaction Systems
    2.3 Reactor Performance
    2.4 Idealized Reactor Models
    2.5 Reactor Concentration
    2.6 Reactor Temperature
    2.7 Reactor Pressure
    2.8 Reactor Phase
    2.9 Catalysts
    2.10 Practical Reactors
    2.11 Choice of Reactor-Summary
    2.12 References
   Chapter 3. Choice of Separator
    3.1 Separation of Heterogeneous Mixtures
    3.2 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures
    3.3 Distillation
    3.4 Distillation of Mixtures Which Exhibit Azeotroplc Behavior or Have
    Low Relative Volatility
    3.5 Absorption
    3.6 Evaporators
    3.7 Dryers
    3.8 Choice of Separator-Summary
    3.9 References
   Chapter 4. Synthesis of Reaction-Separation Systems
    4.1 The Function of Process Recycles
    4.2 Vapor Recycles and Purges
    4.3 Vapor versus Liquid Recycles
    4.4 Batch Processes
    4.5 The Process Yield
    4.6 Synthesis of Reaction-Separation Systems-Summary
    4.7 References
   Chapter 5. Distillation Sequencing
    5.1 Distillation Sequencing Using Simple Columns
    5.2 Practical Constraints that Restrict Options
    5.3 Selection of the Sequence for Simple, Nonintegrated Distillation
    Columns
    5.4 Heat Integration of Sequences of Simple Dlstillation Columns
    5.5 Internal Mass Flows in Sequences of Simple Distillation Columns
    5.6 Distillation Sequencing Using Columns with More than Two
    Products
    5.7 Distillation Sequencing Using Thermal Coupling
    5.8 Optimization of a Reducible Structure
    5.9 Distillation Sequencing-Summary
    5.10 References
   Chapter 6. Heat Exchanger Network and Utilities: Energy Targets
    6.1 Composite Curves
    6.2 The Heat Recovery Pinch
    6.3 Threshold Problems
    6.4 The Problem Table Algorithm
    6.5 Process Constraints
    6.6 Utllity Selection
    6.7 Furnaces
    6.8 Combined Heat and Power (Cogeneration)
    6.9 Integration of Heat Pump
    6.10 Integration of Refrigeration Cycles
    6.11 Heat Exchanger Network and Utilities Energy Targets-Summary
    6.12 References
   Chapter 7. Heat Exchanger Network and Utilities: Capital and Total
    Cost Targets
    7.1 Number of Heat Exchange Units
    7.2 Heat Exchange Area Targets
    7.3 Number of Shells Target
    7.4 Capltal Cost Targets
    7.5 Total Cost Targets
    7.6 Heat Exchanger Network and Utlllties Capital and Total Costs-
    Summary
    7.7 References
   Chapter 8. Economic Tradeoffs
    8.1 Local and Global Tradeoffs
    8.2 Optimization of Reactor Converslon for Single Reactions
    8.3 Optimizatlon of Reactor Converslon for Multiple Reactlons
    Producing Byproducts
    8.4 Optimization of Processes Involvlng a Purge
    8.5 Batch Processes
    8.6 Economic Tradeoffs-Summary
    8.7 References
   Chapter 9. Safety and Health Considerations
    9.1 Fire
    9.2 Explosion
    9.3 Toxlc Release
    9.4 Intenslficatlon of Hazardous Materials
    9.5 Attenuation of Hazardous Materials
    9.8 Quantitative Measures of Inherent Safety
    9.7 Safety and Health Consideratlons-Summary
    9.8 References
   Chapter 10. Waste Minimization
    10.1 Mlnimization of Waste from Reactors
    10.2 Mlnlmlzatlon of Waste from the Separatlon and Recycle System
    10.3 Minimizatlon of Waste from Process Operatlons
    10.4 Minimizatlon of Utllity Waste
    10.5 Life-Cycle Analysis
    10.6 Waste Mlnlrnizatlon in Practlce
    10.7 Waste Minlrnization-Summary
    10.8 References
   Chapter 11. Effluent Treatment
    11.1 Inclneratlon
    11.2 Treatment of Solid Particle Emlsslons to Atmosphere
    11.3 Treatment of Gaseous Emlssions to Atmosphere
    11.4 Treatment of Combustlon Product Emlssions
    11.5 Treatment of Aqueous Emissions
    11.6 Effluent Treatment-Summary
    11.7 References
   Chapter 12. Process Changes for Improved Heat Integration
    12.1 The Plus/Minus Principle
    12.2 The Tradeoffs Between Process Changes, Utlllty Selectlon, Energy
    Cost, and Capital Cost
    12.3 Process Changes for Improved Heat Integration-Summary
    12.4 References
   Chapter 13. Heat Integration of Reactors
    13.1 The Heat Integration Characteristlcs of Reactors
    13.2 Approprlate Placement of Reactors
    13.3 Use of the Grand Composlte Curve for Heat Integration of Reactors
    13.4 Evolvlng Reactor Deslgn to Improve Heat Integration
    13.5 Heat Integratlon of Reactors-Summary
    13.6 References
   Chapter 14. Heat Integration of Distlllatlon Columns
    14.1 The Heat Integration Characteristlcs of Dlstillation
    14.2 Approprlate Placement of Olstlllation
    14.3 Use of the Grand Composite Curve for Heat Integration of
    Distillatlon
    14.4 Evolving the Design of Slmple Dlstlllatton Columns to Improve Heat
    Integratlon
    14.5 Heat Pumping in Distillatlon
    14.6 Evolving the Distlllatlon Sequence
    14.7 Capital Cost Considerations
    14.8 ACaseStudy
    14.9 Heat Integration of Dlstlllation Columns-Summary
    14.10 References
   Chapter 15. Heat Integration of Evaporators and Dryers
    15.1 The Heat Integratlon Characteristlcs of Evaporators
    15.2 Approprlate Placement of Evaporators
    15.3 Evolving Evaporator Design to Improve Heat Integration
    15.4 The Heat Integration Characteristlcs of Dryers
    15.5 Evolving Dryer Deslgn to Improve Heat Integration
    15.6 ACaseStudy
    15.7 Heat Integratlon of Evaporators and Dryers-Summary
    15.8 References
   Chapter 16. Heat Exchanger Network Design
    16.1 The Pinch Deslgn Method
    16.2 Deslgn for Threshold Problems
    16.3 Stream Splltting
    16.4 Design for Mulliple Pinches
    16.5 Remaining Problem Analysis
    16.6 Network Optimization
    16.7 Heat Exchanger Network Design Based on the Optimlzation of
    Reducible Stru'cture
    16.8 Heat Exchanger Network Design-Summary
    16.9 References
   Chapter 17. Overall Strategy
    17.1 Objectives
    17.2 The Hierarchy
    17.3 The Final Design
    17.4 References
   Appendix A. Preliminary Economic Evaluation
    A.l The Role of Process Economics
    A.2 Simple Economic Criteria
    A.3 Operating Costs
    A.4 Capltal Costs
    A.5 References
   Appendlx B Algorithm for the Heat Exchange Area Target
   Appendix C. Maximum Thermal Effectlveness for 1-2 Shell-and-Tube
    Heat Exchangers
   Appendlx D. Expresslon for the Mlnlmum Number of 1-2 Shell-and
    Tube Heat Exchangers for a Given Unit
   Appendlx E. Algorithm for the Number-of-Shells Target
    E.l Mlnlmum Area Target for Networks of 1-2 Shells
    E.2 References
   Appendlx F Algorithm for Heat Exchanger Capital Cost Target
    Index