Preface
Chapter 1. Overview of Satellite Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Frequency Allocations for Satellite Services
1.3 Intelsat
1.4 U.S. Domsats
1.5 Polar Orbiting Satellites
1.6 Problems
Chapter 2. Orbits and Launching Mathods
2.1 Introduotion
2.2 Kepler's First Law
2.3 Kepler's Second Law
2.4 Kepler's Third Law
2.5 Definitions of Terms for Earth-Orbiting Satellites
2.6 Orbital Elements
2.7 Apogee and Perigee Heights
2.8 Orbital Perturbations
2.8.1 Effects of a Nonspherical Earth
2.8.2 Atmospheric Drag
2.9 Inclined Orbits
2.9.1 Calendars
2.9.2 Universal Time
2.9.3 Julian Dates
2.9.4 Sidereal Time
2.9.5 The Orbital Plane
2.9.6 The Geocentric-Equatorial Coordinate System
2.9.7 Earth Station Reterred to the IJK Frame
2.9.8 The Topocentric-Horizon Coordinate System
2.9.9 The Subsatellite Point
2.9.10 Predicting Satellite Position
2.10 Sun-Synchronous Orbit
2.11 Problems
Chapter 3. The Geostatlonary Orbit
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Antenna Look Angles
3.3 The Polar Mount Antenna
3.4 Limits of Visibility
3.5 Near Geostationary Orbits
3.6 Earth Eclipse of Satellite
3.7 Sun Transit Outage
3.8 Launching Orbits
3.9 Problems
Chapter 4. Radio Wave Propagation
4.1 Introduotion
4.2 Atmospheric Losses
4.3 Ionospheric Effects
4.4 Rain Attenuation
4.5 Other Propagation Impairments
4.6 Problems
Chapter 5. Polarization
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Antenna Polarization
5.3 Polarization of Sarellite Signals
5.4 Cross-Polarlzation Discrimination
5.5 Ionospheric Depolarization
5.6 Rain Depolarization
5.7 Ice Depolarization
5.8 Problems
Chapter 6. Antennas
6.1 Introduotion
6.2 Reciprocity Theorem for Antennas
6.3 Coordinate System
6.4 The Radiated Fields
6.5 Power Flux Density
6.6 The Isotropic Radiator and Antenna Gain
6.7 Radiation Pattern
6.8 Beam Solid Angle and Directivity
6.9 Effective Aperture
6.10 The Half-Wave Dipole
6.11 Aperture Antennas
6.12 Horn Antennas
6.13 The Parabolic Reflector
6.14 The Offset Feed
6.15 Double-Refleotor Antennas
6.16 Shaped Reflector Systems
6.17 Arrays
6.18 Problems
Chapter 7. The Space Segment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Power Supply
7.3 Attitude Control
7.3.1 Spinning Satellite Stabilization
7.3.2 Momentum Wheel Stabilization
7.4 Station Keeping
7.5 Thermal Control
7.6 TT&C Subsystem
7.7 Transponders
7.7.1 The Wideband Receiver
7.7.2 The Input Demultiplexer
7.7.3 The Power Amplifier
7.8 The Antenna Subsystem
7.9 Morelos
7.10 Anik-E
7.11 Advanced Tiros-N Spacecod
7.12 Problems
Chapter 8. The Earth Segment
8.1 Introduotion
8.2 Receive-Only Home TV Systems
8.2.1 The Outdoor Unit
8.2.2 The Indoor Unit for Analog (FM) TV
8.3 Master Antenna TV System
8.4 Community Antenna TV System
8.S Transmit-Receive Earth Stations
8.6 Problems
Chapter 9. Analog Signals
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Telephone Channel
9.3 Single-Sideband Telephony
9.4 FDM Telephony
9.5 Color Television
9.6 Frequency Modulation
9.6.1 Limiters
9.6.2 Bandwudth
9.6.3 FM Detector Noise and Processing Gain
9.6.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
9.6.S Preemphasis and Deemphasis
9.6.6 Noise Weighting
9.6.7 S/N and Bandwidth for FDM/FM Telephony
9.6.8 Signal-to-Noise Ratio for TV/FM
9.7 Problems
Chapter 10. Digital Signals
10.1 Introduotion
10.2 Digital Baseband Signals
10.3 Pulse-Code Modulation
10.4 Time-Division Multiplexing
10.5 Bandwidth Requirements
10.6 Digital Carrier Systems
10.6.1 Blnary Phase-Shift Keying
10.6.2 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
10.6.3 Transmission Rate and Bandwidth for PSK Modulation
10.6.4 Bit Error Rate for PSK Modulation
10.7 Carrier Recovery Circuits
10.8 Bit Timing Recovery
10.9 Problems
Chapter 11. Error Control Coding
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Linear Block Codes
11.3 Cyclic Codes
11.3.1 Hamming codes
11.3.2 BCH codes
11.3.3 Reed-Solomon codes
11.4 Convolution Codes
11.5 Interleaving
11.6 Concatenated Codes
11.7 Link Parameters Affected by Coding
11.8 Coding Gain
11.9 Hard Decision and Soft Decision Decoding
11.1O Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)
11.11 Problems
Chapter 12. The Space Link
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
12.3 TFansmission Losses
12.3.1 Free-Space Transmission
12.3.2 Feeder Losses
12.3.3 Antenna Misalignment Losses
12.3.4 Flxed Atmospheric and Ionospheric Losses
12.4 The Link Power Budget Equation
12.5 System Noise
12.5.1 Antenna Noise
12.5.2 Amplifier Noise Temperature
12.5.3 Amplifiers in Cascade
12.5.4 Noise Factor
12.5.5 Noise Temperature of Absorptive Networks
12.5.6 Overall System Noise Temperature
12.6 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio
12.7 The Uplink
12.7.1 Saturation Flux Density
12.7.2 Input Back Off
12.7.3 The Earth Station HPA
12.8 Downlink
12.8.1 Output Back Off
12.8.2 Satellite TWTA Output
12.9 Effects Of Rain
12.9.1 Uplink rain-fade margin
12.9.2 Downlink rain-fade margin
12.10 Combined Uplink and Downlink C/N Ratio
12.11 Intermodulation Noise
12.12 Problems
Chapter 13. Interference
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Interference between Satellite Circuits (B1 and B2 Modes)
13.2.1 Downlink
13.2.2 Uplink
13.2.3 Combined [C/I] due to interference on both uplink and downlink
13.2.4 Antenna gain funotion
13.2.5 Passband intederence
13.2.6 Receiver transfer characteristic
13.2.7 Specified interference objectives
13.2.8 Protection ratio
13.3 Energy Dispersal
13.4 Coordination
13.4.1 Interference levels
13.4.2 TFansmission gain
13.4.3 Resulting noise-temperature rise
13.4.4 Coordination criterion
13.4.5 Noise power spectral density
13.5 Problems
Chapter 14. Satellite Access
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Single Access
14.3 Preassigned FDMA
14.4 Demand-Assigned FDMA
14.5 Spade System
14.6 Bandwidth-Limited and Power-Limited TWT Amplifier Operation
14.6.1 FDMA Downlink Analysis
14.7 TDMA
14.7.1 Reference Burst
14.7.2 Preamble and Postamble
14.7.3 Carrier Recovery
14.7.4 Network Synchronization
14.7.5 Unique Word Detection
14.7.6 Trpffic Data
14.7.7 Frame Efficiency and Channel Capacity
14.7.8 Preassigned TDMA
14.7.9 Demand-Assigned TDMA
14.7.10 Speech Interpolation and Prediction
14.7.11 DownIink Analysis for Digital TFansmission
14.7.12 Comparison of Uplink Power Requirements for FDMA and TDMA
14.8 On-Board Signal Processing for FDMMDM Operation
14.9 Satellite-Switched TDMA
14.10 Code-Division Multiple Access
14.10.1 Diwtsequence spread spedrum
14.10.2 The code signal c(t)
14.10.3 The autocorrelation funotion for c(t)
14.10.4 Acquisition and tracking
14.10.5 Spectrum spreading and despreading
14.10.6 CDMA throughput
14.11 Problems
Chapter 15. Satellite Services and the Internet
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Network Layers
15.3 The TCP Link
1S.4 Satellite Links and TCP
15.S Enhancing TCP Over Satellite Channels Using Stondard Mechanisms (RFC-2488)
15.6 Requests for Comments
15.7 Split TCP Connections
15.8 Asymmetric Channels
15.9 Proposed Systems
15.10 Problems
Chapter 16. Direct Broadcast Satellite Services
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Orbital Spacings
16.3 Power Rating and Number of Transponders
16.4 Frequencies and Polarization
16.5 Transponder Capacity
16.6 Bit Rates for Digital Television
16.7 MPEG Compression Standards
16.8 Foreard Error Correotion
16.9 The Home Receiver Outdoor Unit (ODU)
16.10 The Home Reciever Indoor Unit (IDU)
16.11 Downlink Analysis
16.12 Uplink
16.13 Problems
Chapter 17. Satellite Services
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Satellite Mobile Services
17.3 VSATs
17.4 Radarsat
17.5 Global Positioning Satellite System
17.6 Orbcomm
17.7 Problems
Appendix A. Answers to Selected Problems
Appendix B. Conic Sedions
Appendix C. NASA Two-Line Orbital Elements
Appendix D. Listings of Artificial Satellites
Appendix E. Illuatrating Third-Order Intermodulation Produots
Appendix F Acronyms
Appendix G. Logarithmic Units
Appendix H. Mathcad Notation
References
Index
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