PREFACExv
CHAPTER1IntroductiontoInternationalandComparativeLaw
A.WhatisInternationalLaw?1
B.TheMakingofInternationalLaw2
C.SourcesofInternationalLaw3
TreatiesandConventions3
Case1-1LegalStatusofEasternGreenland4
Custom5
Case1-2TheAsylumCase7
GeneralPrinciples8
D.TheScopeofInternationalLawinActualPractice8
ThePracticeinInternationalTribunals8
ThePracticeinMunicipalCourts9
Case1-3SeiFujiiv.State10
E.InternationalPersons12
States12
Case1-4MatimakTradingCo.v.KhalilyandD.A.Y.KidsSportswearInc.13
Case1-5TheTrailSmelterArbitration18
Case1-6ArabRepublicofSyriav.ArabRepublicofEgypt21
InternationalOrganizations23
Case1-7ArabMonetaryFundv.HashimandOthers(No.3)24
Case1-8EunomiadiPorto&Co.v.ItalianMinistryofPublicEducation30
Case1-9S.A.RoquetteFreresv.CounciloftheEuropeanCommunity35
F.TheRightsofIndividualsunderInternationalLaw43
Case1-10DeSanchezv.BancoCentralDeNicaragua44
G.ComparisonofMunicipalLegalSystems46
TheRomano-GermanicCivilLawSystem47
Case1-11Raulinv.Fischer50
TheAnglo-AmericanCommonLawSystem52
TheIslamicLawSystem53
Case1-12LibyanAmericanOilCompany(LIAMCO)v.Governmentof
theLibyanArabRepublic54
ChapterQuestions58
ReviewProblem59
CHAPTER2StateResponsibilityandEnvironmentalRegulation61
Introduction61
A.StateResponsibility62
DoctrineofImputability62
Case2-1Youmansv.UnitedMexicanStates63
NonirnputadleActs64
Case2-2HomeMissionarySocietyCase64
FaultandCausation67
Case2-3TheKummerowandFuldaCases67
B.StandardofCare69
TheNationalStandard69
Case2-4CanteroHerrerav.Canevaro&Co.70
TheInternationalStandard72
Expropriation72
Case2-5ACSYNGOv.CompagniedeSaint-Gobain(France),SA73
Case2-6CaseConcerningBarcelonaTraction,Light,andPowerCompany,Ltd.(SecondPhase)77
DenialofJustice79
Case2-7Chattinv.UnitedMexicanStates79
C.Objections81
LackofStanding81
LackofNationality82
LackofaGenuineLink83
Case2-8CaseConcerningBarcelonaTraction,Light,andPowerCompany,Ltd.(SecondPhase)83
FailuretoExhaustRemedies85
OtherObjections86
D.Relief86
Case2-9ReLetelierandMoffitt86
E.Insurance89
PrivateInsurers89
NationalInvestmentGuaranteePrograms91
Case2-10IntheMatterofRevereCopperandBrass,Inc.and
OverseasPrivateInvestmentCorporation92
MultilateralInvestmentGuarantyPrograms96
EEnvironmentalRegulation96
RegulationofPollution98
Case2-11WerkgroepNoordzeeetal.v.MinisterforPublicHealthandEnvironmentalMatters100
ProtectionofNaturalResources104
LiabilityforEnvironmentalDamage105
ChapterQuestions106
ReviewProblem107
CHAPTER3DisputeSettlement109
A.SettlementofDisputesthroughDiplomacy109
Negotiation109
Mediation110
Inquiry110
B.SettlementofDisputesinInternationalTribunals111
InternationalCourtofJustice111
Case3-1CaseConcerningtheMilitaryandParamilitaryActivitiesinandagainstNicaragua
(JurisdictionandAdmissibility)(DissentingOpinion)115
WorldTradeOrganizationDisputeSettlementProcedures118
Case3-2EuropeanCommunities--CustomsClassificationofCertainComputerEquipment120
Case3-3Japan--TaxesonAlcoholicBeverages124
InternationalCenterfortheSettlementofInvestmentDisputes125
Case3-4AMCOAsiaCorp.etal.(UnitedStates)v.Indonesia(ProvisionalMeasures)131
OtherArbitrationTribunals133
C.SettlementofDisputesinMunicipalCourts134
JurisdictioninCriminalCases134
Case3-5Attorney-GeneraloftheGovernmentofIsraelv.Eichmann135
JurisdictioninCivilCases138
Case3-6BumperDevelopmentCorp.,Ltd.v.CommissionerofPoliceof
theMetropolisandOthers(UnionofIndiaandOthers,Claimants)139
Case3-7Shellv.R.W.Sturge,Ltd.142
D.ImmunitiesofStatesfromtheJurisdictionofMunicipalCourts146
SovereignorStateImmunity146
Case3-8Sandersv.VeridianoII146
ActofStateDoctrine152
Case3-9Reginav.BattleandtheCommissionerofPolicefor
theMetropolisandOthers(ExPartePinochet)152
E.ChoosingtheGoverningLaw159
AgreementoftheParties60
StatutoryChoice-of-LawProvisions160
MostSignificantRelationship161
Case3-10BankofIndiav.GobindramNaraindasSadhwaniandOthers162
GovernmentalInterest164
Case3-11Reynov.PiperAircraftCompany(TrialCourtDecision)165
F.RefusaltoExerciseJurisdiction168
Case3-12PiperAircraftCompanyv.Reyno(SupremeCourtDecision)168
G.ProvingForeignLaw171
H.RecognitionofForeignJudgments172
ChapterQuestions173
ReviewProblem174
CHAPTER4TheMultinationalEnterprise176
Introduction176
A.TheBusinessForm177
BusinessFormsinCivilLawStates177
BusinessFormsinCommonLawStates181
Case4-1PuertoRicov.Russell&Co.etal.184
TheImportanceoftheSeparateLegalIdentityofJuridicalEntities189
Case4-2CaseConcerningBarcelonaTraction,LightandPowerCo.(SecondPhase)190
B.TheMultinationalOrganization192
TheParentCompany192
TheSubordinateStructure197
C.InternationalRegulationofMultinationalEnterprises198
D.HomeStateRegulationofMultinationalEnterprises199
UnfairCompetitionLaws199
Case4-3UnitedStatesv.AluminumCo.ofAmerica202
Case4-4AtdstroemOsakeyhtioev.CommissionoftheEuropeanCommunities205
Case4-5MidlandBank,Plc.etal.v.LakerAirways,Ltd.etal.210
ProductsLiabilityLaws212
Case4-6AsahiMetalIndustryCo.,Ltd.v.SuperiorCourtofCalifornia,SolanoCounty216
Case4-7DowChemicalCompanyandShellOilCompanyv.CastroAlfaroetal.221
SharpPractices226
Case4-8UnitedStatesv.Blondek,Tull,Castle,andLowry227
E.HostStateRegulationofMultinationalEnterprises231
ConsenttotheJurisdictionoftheHostState231
CommonEnterpriseLiability231
Case4-9ToucheRossandCompanyv.BankIntercontinental,Limited232
PiercingtheCompanyVeil235
Case4-10GardenContaminationCase(No.2)236
ChapterQuestions238
ReviewProblem239
CHAPTER5ForeignInvestment241
A.ForeignInvestmentLawsandCodes241
NationalForeignInvestmentPolicies243
ScreeningForeignInvestmentApplications243
FormalandInformalApplicationProcess245
Reading5-1TheAdministrativeDiscretionofScreeningAuthorities245
ApprovalofForeignInvestmentApplications248
Case5-1ArabRepublicofEgyptv.SouthernPacificProperties,Ltd.etal.248
BusinessForms250
Case5-2RafhanMaizeProductsCompany,Ltd.v.MonopolyControlAuthorityetal.251
LimitationsonForeignEquity254
SectoralLimitations254
GeographicLimitations255
Case5-3Bradyv.Brown256
FreeZones260
Case5-4NissanMotorMfg.Corp.,U.S.A.v.UnitedStates261
ForeignInvestmentGuarantees265
B.SupervisionofForeignInvestment268
Start-UpStandards268
OperationalReviews268
ModificationofForeignInvestmentAgreements268
ProtectionofSubsidiaries268
Case5-5CaseConcerningElettronicaSicula,SpA272
PenaltiesforNoncompliance275
C.SecuritiesRegulations275
Securities275
TradinginSecurities276
SecuritiesExchanges276
IssuanceofSecurities278
ClearanceandSettlementProcedures279
Case5-6Batchelderv.Kawamoto281
InsiderTradingRegulations283
Case5-7UnitedStatesv.O'Hagan284
TakeoverRegulations289
D.EnforcementofSecuritiesRegulationsInternationally292
MemorandumsofUnderstanding292
TheConventiononInsiderTrading293
ExtraterritorialApplicationofU.S.SecuritiesLaws293
Case5-8SecuritiesandExchangeCommissionv.Knowles294
ChapterQuestions297
ReviewProblem298
CHAPTER6MoneyandBanking300
A.Money300
TheValueofMoney301
TheChoiceofMoney302
Case6-1RepublicofArgentinaetal.v.Weltover,Inc.etal.302
MaintainingMonetaryValue304
B.TheInternationalMonetaryFund306
OriginoftheIMF306
IMFQuotas307
Case6-2ReLawAuthorizinganIncreaseintheFrenchQuotato
theInternationalMonetaryFund309
OrganizationoftheIMF311
IMFOperations312
C.CurrencyExchange312
CurrencyExchangeObligationsofIMFMemberStates312
EnforcementofExchangeControlRegulationsofIMFMemberStates313
Case6-3DeBoer,WidowMoojenv.Ducroetal.314
Case6-4Wilson,Smithett&Cope,Ltd.v.Terruzi317
EnforcementofExchangeControlLawsintheAbsenceoflMFMembership320
Case6-5Menendezetal.v.SaksandCompanyetal.321
EnforcementofOtherIMFMemberStateCurrencyExchangeObligations323
ExemptionsforNewMembersfromIMFMemberStateCurrencyExchangeObligations324
D.CurrencySupport324
IMFFacilities324
IMF"Conditionality"325
Reading6-1CurrencyCrises:TheRoleofMonetaryPolicy326
E.DevelopmentBanks327
F.TheBankforInternationalSettlements328
TheCentralBank'sBank329
PromoterofInternationalMonetaryCooperation329
AgentforInternationalSettlements330
G.RegionalMonetarySystems330
H.NationalMonetarySystems332
NationalMonetaryOrganizations332
BankDeposits333
Case6-6TheBanker'sCase333
Reading6-2IslamicBanking334
EurocurrencyDeposits337
TheInterbankDepositMarket337
TheForeignExchangeMarket338
ForeignExchangeContracts339
Case6-7Huntetal.v.AllianceNorthAmericanGovernmentIncomeTrust,Inc.etal.340
Arbitrage343
TheTransferofMoney343
BranchBanking343
Case6-8InreSealedCase344
Case6-9VishipcoLineetal.v.ChaseManhattanBank,N.A.347
Case6-10LibyanArabForeignBankv.BankersTrustCompany350
ChapterQuestions351
ReviewProblem352
CHAPTER7TradeinGoods354
A.HistoryofContemporaryInternationalTradeLaw354
TheBrettonWoodsSystem355
The1947GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade356
MultilateralTradeNegotiations357
TheUruguayRound358
TheFinalActEmbodyingtheResultsoftheUruguayRoundofMultilateralTradeNegotiations361
B.TheWorldTradeOrganization362
TheWTOAgreement363
MembershipoftheWTO363
StructureoftheWTO364
DecisionMakingwithintheWTO366
Waivers367
DisputeSettlement367
TradePolicyReview367
C.The1994GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade369
DirectEffect369
Case7-1FinanceMinistryv.ManifatturaLaneMarzotto,SpA370
Nondiscrimination371
Case7-2Japan--TaxesonAlcoholicBeverages372
ProtectionthroughTariffs376
Transparency377
RegionalIntegration377
CommodityArrangements379
EscapeClause379
Exceptions380
Case7-3UnitedStates--ImportProhibitionofCertainShrimpandShrimpProducts380
ExportControls385
D.MultilateralTradeAgreements389
CustomsValuation389
Case7-4OrbisphereCorp.v.UnitedStates390
PreshipmentInspection393
TechnicalBarrierstoTrade394
SanitaryandPhytosanitaryMeasures396
Case7-5Australia--MeasuresAffectingImportationofSalmon396
Trade-RelatedInvestmentMeasures401
Import-LicensingProcedures401
Antidumping401
Case7-6AustralianPaperLtd.v.Anti-DumpingAuthority403
SubsidiesandCountervailingMeasures406
Safeguards409
Agriculture410
TextilesandClothing411
RulesofOrigin412
ChapterQuestions413
ReviewProblem415
CHAPTER8ServicesandLabor417
Introduction417
A.GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices417
TheFrameworkAgreement418
Case8-1EuropeanCommunities--RegimefortheImportation,
Sale,andDistributionofBananas419
GATSAnnexes427
GATSSchedulesofSpecificCommitments427
B.RegionalIntergovernmentalRegulationsonTradeinServices427
EuropeanUnionLawonTradeinServices427
Case8-2Commissionv.Germany428
ProvisionsGoverningTradeinServicesintheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement431
C.TheInternationalLaborOrganization432
InternationalLaborStandards433
InternationalLaborOrganizationReports434
SettlementofDisputesbetweenILOMemberStates435
SettlementofDisputesbetweenIntergovernmentalOrganizationsandTheirEmployees437
Case8-3Dubergv.UNESCO437
D.RegionalIntergovernmentalRegulationsonLabor439
EmploymentLawsintheEuropeanUnion439
EmploymentStandardsoftheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment441
Case8-4InreBadger,Inc.(CaseStudy)443
ProtectionofWorkers'RightsbytheCouncilofEurope445
TransnationalOrganizedLabor447
E.MovementofWorkers447
Case8-5Statev.Nagami448
Visas450
Case8-6Republicv.MussaandFiveOthers450
Case8-7EnglandandAnotherv.Attorney-GeneralofSt.Lucia454
Reading8-1TheSovietInternalPassportSystem456
RegulationofForeignWorkers458
Case8-8Georgev.InternationalAirServiceCo.,Ltd.458
Case8-9Spiessetal.v.C.Itoh&Co.(America),Inc.461
ApplicationofHomeStateLaborLawsExtraterritorially463
Case8-10Morelliv.Cedel463
ChapterQuestions466
ReviewProblems467
CHAPTER9IntellectualProperty468
Introduction468
A.TheCreationofIntellectualPropertyRights469
Copyrights469
Case9-1PerformingRightSociety,Limitedv.Hickey472
Case9-2Subafilms,Ltd.v.MGM-PatheCommunications478
Patents483
Case9-3MonsantoCo.v.CoramandalIndagProducts,(P)Ltd.486
Case9-4India-PatentProtectionforPharmaceuticalandAgriculturalChemicalProducts490
Trademarks494
Case9-5Sengokuv.RMCInternational497
Know-How500
B.InternationalIntellectualPropertyOrganizations501
WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization501
CouncilforTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights502
C.IntellectualPropertyTreaties503
ComprehensiveAgreements503
ArtisticPropertyAgreements505
IndustrialPropertyAgreements507
D.TheInternationalTransferofIntellectualProperty509
E.LicensingRegulations510
TerritorialRestrictions512
Case9-6ConstenandGrundigv.Commission515
ExportRestrictions519
Cartels520
ExclusiveLicenses521
Case9-7Ransome-Kutiv.Phonogram,Ltd.521
SalesandDistributionArrangements523
Price-Fixing523
NoncompetitionClauses524
ChallengestoValidity524
TyingClauses525
QuantityandField-of-UseRestrictions525
RestrictionsonResearchandDevelopment526
QualityControls527
Grant-BackProvisions527
RestrictionsThatApplyaftertheExpirationofIntellectualPropertyRights528
RestrictionsThatApplyaftertheExpirationoftheLicensingAgreement529
ECompulsoryLicenses530
Patents530
Copyrights531
ChapterQuestions531
ReviewProblem533
CHAPTER10Sales535
A.UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods535
B.TransactionsCoveredinCISG536
OptingInandOut536
SalesDefined536
GoodsDefined537
MixedSales538
C.ContractualIssuesExcludedfromtheCoverageofCISG539
IllegalityandIncompetency539
Third-PartyClaimsandPersonalInjuries539
Preemption539
D.InterpretingCISG542
TheConvention542
GeneralPrinciples543
RulesofPrivateInternationalLaw544
E.InterpretingSalesContracts544
StatementsandConductoftheParties544
Negotiations545
Case10-1MCCMarbleCeramicv.Ceramica545
PracticesandUsages550
Form550
EFormationoftheContract552
TheOffer552
EffectivenessofanOffer553
Acceptance554
Case10-2UnitedTechnologiesInternational,Inc.v.MagyarLegiKozlekedesiVallalat556
AcceptancewithModifications559
Case10-3Filanto,SpAv.ChilewichInternationalCorp.560
G.GeneralStandardsofPerformance562
FundamentalBreach562
Avoidance562
RequestsforSpecificPerformance562
H.Seller'sObligations563
PlaceforDelivery563
TimeforDelivery564
TheTurningOverofDocuments564
ConformityofGoods564
I.Buyer'sObligations565
PaymentofthePrice566
Case10-4TheNaturalGasCase566
TakingDelivery569
J.ThePassingofRisk569
AgreementoftheParties569
MeansofDelivery569
BreachofContract570
K.Remedies571
Buyer'sRemedies571
Reading10-1TheBuyer'sRighttoAvoidtheContract572
Case10-5TheShoeSeller'sCase573
Case10-6S.V.Braun,Inc.v.Alitalia-LineeAereeItaliane,SpA576
Seller'sRemedies577
RemediesAvailabletoBothBuyersandSellers579
Case10-7DelchiCarrier,SpAv.RotorexCorporation581
L.ExcusesforNonperformance585
ForceMajeure585
Case10-8NuovaFucinati,S.p.A.v.FondmetallInternational,A.B.585
DirtyHands587
ChapterQuestions588
ReviewProblem589
CHAPTER11Transportation590
A.TradeTerms590
Case11-1Pestanav.KarinolCorporationetal.591
ANoteontheIncoterms592
"Free"Terms597
FOB--FreeonBoard597
Case11-2PyreneCo.,Ltd.v.ScindiaNavigationCo.,Ltd.599
FAS--FreeAlongside602
CIF--Cost,Insurance,andFreight602
CFR--CostandFreight602
Case11-3PhillipsPuertoRicoCore,Inc.v.TradaxPetroleum,Ltd.604
DES--DeliveredExShip607
FCA--FreeCarrier608
EXW--ExWorks609
B.Transportation609
C.InlandCarriage610
D.CarriageofGoodsbySea611
CommonCarriage611
TheBillofLading611
Case11-4M.Golodetz&Co.,Inc.v.Czarnikow-RiondaCo.,Inc.(TheGalitia)613
Case11-5BarclaysBank,Ltd.v.CommissionersofCustomsandExcise617
Carrier'sDutiesunderaBillofLading620
Carrier'sImmunities621
Case11-6GreatChinaMetalIndustriesCo.Ltd.v.MalaysianInternationalShippingCorp.621
LiabilityLimits625
Case11-7Croft&ScullyCo.v.M/VSkulptorVuchetichetal.626
TimeLimitations628
Third-PartyRights(HimalayaClause)628
E.Charterparties628
VoyageCharterparties629
TimeCharterparties629
CharterpartiesandBillsofLading629
F.MaritimeLiens630
Case11-8TheChineseSemen'sForeignTechnicalServicesCo.v.
SotoGrandeShippingCorp.,SA631
G.MaritimeInsurance633
Perils633
Case11-9WesternAssuranceCo.ofTorontov.Shaw633
AverageClauses634
H.CarriageofGoodsbyAir635
Case11-10Abnettv.BritishAirwaysPlc.637
ChapterQuestions640
ReviewProblem641
CHAPTER12Financing643
A.FinancingForeignTrade643
B.BillsofLading644
C.BillsofExchange644
TheLawGoverningBillsofExchange644
TypesofBillsofExchange646
D.PromissoryNotes648
E.NegotiabilityofBillsandNotes650
Uncondit{onalPromiseorOrdertoPay650
DefiniteSumofMoneyorMonetaryUnitofAccount651
PayableonDemandorataDefiniteTime652
SignedbytheMakerorDrawer652
Case12-1Constantarasv.Anagnostopoulos652
F.TheNegotiationandTransferofBillsandNotes654
Assignment654
Negotiation654
Case12-2Millerv.Race655
ForgedEndorsements658
Case12-3Mairv.BankofNovaScotia658
LimitationsontheExcusesThatDrawersandMakersCanUsetoAvoidPayingOffaBillorNote661
LiabilitiesofMakers,Drawers,Drawees,Endorsers,andAccommodationParties662
Case12-4FarEastRealtyInvestment,Inc.v.CourtofAppealsetal.663
TheRoleofBanksinCollectingandPayingNegotiableInstruments665
Case12-5CharlesR.Allen,Inc.v.IslandCooperativeServicesCooperativeAssociation665
G.LettersofCredit667
GoverningLaw669
ApplyingforaLetterofCredit669
Case12-6TransTrustSprlv.DanubianTradingCo.,Ltd.672
DocumentaryFormalities673
AdvisingandConfirmingLettersofCredit675
TheObligationsofBanks675
Case12-7Sztejnv.J.HenrySchroederBankingCorp.678
RightsandResponsibilitiesoftheAccountParty680
RightsandResponsibilitiesofBeneficiaries680
H.FinancingForeignOperations681
PrivateSourcesofCapital681
GovernmentalSourcesofCapital681
RegionalandInternationalDevelopmentAgencies682
ChapterQuestions682
ReviewProblem684
CHAPTER13Taxation686
A.PurposesofTaxation686
Case13-1InReNaturalSweetWines687
B.IncomeTaxes689
C.Taxpayers695
CompanyTaxpayers695
SubordinateBusinessStructures696
Case13-2ReissandCompany(Nigeria),Ltd.v.FederalBoardofInlandRevenue702
D.BasesofIncomeTaxation706
NationalityPrinciple706
Case13-3Cookv.Tait,UnitedStatesCollectorofInternalRevenuefortheDistrictofMaryland707
ResidencyPrinciple708
Case13-4DeBeersConsolidatedMines,Ltd.v.Howe709
SourcePrinciple710
Case13-5BankoftheFederatedStatesofMicronesiav.
GovernmentoftheFederatedStatesofMicronesia715
InterrelationshipofTaxationBases716
PersonsImmunefromTaxation717
E.Income717
IncomeCategories717
ComputationofIncome718
IncomeTaxRates718
Case13-6MobilOil(Nigeria),Ltd.v.FederalBoardofInlandRevenue719
IntegrationofCompanyandPersonalIncomeTaxes720
OtherTax-GeneratingTransactions721
F.DoubleTaxation722
SystemsforRelieffromDoubleTaxation723
ComparisonoftheDoubleTaxationReliefSystems724
Case13-7DirectorGeneralofInlandRevenuev.RothmansofPallMall(Malaysia)Bhd.724
G.TaxTreaties726
CoverageofTaxTreaties727
BasisforTaxation727
DoubleTaxationProvisions728
Case13-8Johanssonv.UnitedStates728
H.TaxIncentives732
TaxSparing733
TheInteractionofTaxSystems733
I.TaxAvoidanceandEvasion734
TaxAvoidance734
Case13-9BarclaysBank,PLCv.FranchiseTaxBoardofCalifornia739
TaxEvasion747
Case13-10Kalov.CommissionerofInternalRevenue748
J.OtherFormsofTaxation752
TurnoverTaxes752
MiscellaneousTaxes760
ChapterQuestions760
ReviewProblem761
CaseIndex763
StatutoryIndex767
TopicalIndex775
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