CHAPTER 1 INIRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATIONS, STANOARDS,
AND PTOTOCOLS
1 .1 WHY STUDY CoMMUNICATIONS?
A Brief History I · Applications 3 · Issues 6
1 .2 COMPUTER NETWORKS
Common Bus Topology 9 · Star Topology IO ·
Ring Topology 11· Fully Connected Topology l2 · Combined Topologies l3
1.3 STANDARDS AND STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
The Need for STandards 14 v Agencies l5
1.4 OPEN SYSTEMS AND THE OSI MODEL
Overview of the Model 20 · Physical Layer 23·Data Link Layer 28 · Network Layer 30· Transport
Layer 32 · Session Layer 38 · Presentation Layer 42 · Application Layer 45 · Summary 46
1.5 THE FUTURE OF DATA CoMMUNICTIONS
REVIEW QUESTIONS 51 ·EXERCISE5 53 · REFETENCES 54(HAPIER 2 IRANSMISSON FUNDAMENTALS
2.1 COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
Conductive Mebal 59 · Optical Fiber 62 · Wireless Communications 66 · Summary · 8 1
2.2 COMMUNICATloN SERVICES AND DEVICES
Telephone System 83 · Integrated Services Digital Network 87 · Cellular Phones 88 · Fax Machines 90
2.3 Cooes
ASCII Code 93 · EBCDIC Code 94 · Baudot, Morse, and BCD Codes 97
2.4 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS
Digital Encoding Schemes l02 · Analog Signals 105 Bit Rate 110
2.5 MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
Digital-to-Analog Conversion 116· Analog-to-Digital Conversion 121
2.6 MODEMS AND MODEM STANDARDS
Signal Constellation 126· Intelligent (Hayes Compatible)Modems 130 · Cable Modems 131· Null Modems 135
2.7 SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS 137· EXERCISES 139· REFEREMCES 143
CHAPTER 3 OATA COMMUNICATION
3.1 TRANSSION MODES
Serial and Parallel Transmission 146 · Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission 147 · Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Commanications 150
3.2 INTERFACE STANDARDS
RS-232 Interfce 152 · RS-232 Subsets 155· Null Modems 156 · RS-449 Interface 157 · X.21 Interface 159
3.3 MuLTIPLEXING
Frequency-Division Multiplexing 163· Time-Division Multiplexing 165 · Statistical Multiplexers 167 T-I CaRRier 169
3.4 CONTENTION PRoTocoLs
Aloha Protocols 174 · Carrier Sense Multiple Access 177 · Collision Detection 180 · Token
Passing 183 · Summary of prtocols 187
3.5 DATA COMPRESSION
Huffman Code 189 · Run-Length Encoding 192 · Relative Encoding 194 · Lempel-Ziv Encoding 195 · Image Compression 201 ·JPEG 203 · MPEG 211 · Summary of Compression Techniques 216
3.6 SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS 218 · EXERCISES 220 · REFERENCES 224
CHAPTER 4 DATA SECURITY AND INIEGRITY
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 PARITY CHECKING
Parity Checking Analysis 228 · Double-Bit Error Detection 229 · Burst Error Detection 229
4.3 CVCLIC REDUNDANEY CHECKS
Polynomial Division 232 · How CRC Works 233 Analysis of CRC 235 · CRC Implementation Using Circular Shifts 239
4.4 HAMMING CODES
Single-Bit Error Correction 241 · Multiple-Bit Error Correction 244 · Comparison of Error Detection and Error Correcrion 244 ·
4.5 ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION
Caesar Cipher 247 · Polyalphabetic Cipher 248 · Transposition Cipher 250 · Bit-Level Ciphering 251· Data Encryption Standard 252 · Clipper Chip 256 · Key DisRibution and Protection 260 · Merkle's Puzles 260 · Shamir's Method 261
4.6 PUBLIC KEV ENCRYPTION
RSA Algorithm 264 · Digital Signatures 266 · Authentication Using Hash-Based Schemes 268 · Summary of Encryption Methods 272 · Encryption Potpouni 272
4.7 VIRUSES, WORMS, AND HACKERS
Infecting Files 275 · Memory-Resident Viruses 276 Virus Evolution 277 · Virus Sources 281 · The Internet Worm 281 · Computer Hackers 283
4.8 SuMMARY
RECIEW QUESTIONS 286 · EXERCISES 288 · REFERENCES 291
CHAPTER 5 PROTOCOL CONCEPTS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 BASIC FLOW CONTROL
Signaling 295 · Frame-Oriented ConUol 297 Protocol Efficiency 301
5.3 SLIDING WINDOW PRoTocoLs
Frame Format 306 · Go-back-n Protocol 307 Selective Repeat Protocol 314 · Sliding Window Protocol Efficiency 322 · Summary of Protocols 324
5.4 PROTOCOL CORRECTNESS
Finite State Machines 325 · Petri Nets 331
5.5 DATA LINK CONTROL PROTOCOLS
High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) 336 · Other Bit-Oriented hotocols 344 · Binary Synchronous Communications Protocol 345 · Summary: Data Link Protocols 349
5.6 CASE STUDY: KERMIT
Frame Format 351 · Protocol 352 ·Commands 354
5.7 SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS 357 · EXERCISES 359 · REFERENCES 363
CHAPTER 6 LOCAL AREA NEIWORKING
6.1 NeTWORK TOPOLOGIES
6.2 ETHERNET: IEEE STANDARD 802.3
Relation to OSI 368 · Ethernet Components 368 · Cabe Specifications 371 · Connecting Segments 373 · Frame Format 374 · Efficiency 375
6.3 TOKEN RING: IEEE STANDARD 802.5
Token and Frame Formats 381 · Resercing and Claiming Tokens 383 · Ring Maintenance 389 · Efficiency 39l · Other Ring Networks 39
6.4 TOKEN Bus: IEEE STANDARD 802.4
Token Bus Operations 399 · Lost Tokens 402 Ring Initialization 403 · Prioritizing Frames 404\
6.5 INTERCONNECTING LANs
Layer l Connections 409 · Layer 2 Connections 410 Bridging Different TYpes of LANs 411 · Bridge Routing 413 Summary 426
6.6 CASE STUDY: NOVELL NETWARE
NetWare Configuration 427 · Running Novell NetWare 429 · Security and Integrity 431 · Selected Novell Commands 434 · Login Scripts 436
6.7 SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS 440 · EXERCISES 443 · REFERENCES 446
CHAPIER 7 WIDE AREA NETWORKINe
7.1 INTROUCTION
7.2 NETWORK ROUTING
Routing Tables 452 · Types of Routing 453 Dijkstra's Algorithm 456 · Bellman-Ford Algorithm 459
Link State Routing 466 · Hierarchical Routing 467 Routing Information Protocol 470 · Open Shortest Path First 471 · Border Gateway Protocol 472 · Summary of Routing Techniques 473 · Congestion and Deadlock 473
7.3 PUBLIC DATA NETWORKS: THe X SERIES PROTOCOLS
Packet-Switched Network Modes 479 · X.25 Public Data Network Interface Standard 481 · Triple-X Standard for Non-X.25 Devices 486
7.4 INTERNET PROTOCLS
Overview of TCP/IP 491 · Internet Addressing 493 · Domain Name System 495 · IP Packets 497 · Fragmentation 500 · IP Routing 501 · Internet Control Message Protocol 504 · IPv6 506
7.5 TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS
Transmission Control Protocol 518 · User Datagram Protocol 529 · OSI Transport Protocols 529
7.6 SOCKET PRIGRAMMING
Sockets 532 · ClienT/Server Model 532 · Socket Data Structures 533 · Socket Commands 535 · Client/Server Example 535
7.7 SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS 551 · EXERCISES 553 · REFETENCES 557
CHAPTER 8 ADDITIONAL NETWORK PROTOCOLS
8.1 INTERNET APPLlCATlONS
Virtual Terminal 559 · Telnet 560 · File Transfers 564 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 571 · Simple Network Management Protocol 573
8.2 WORLD WIDE WEN
Web Page Access 577 · Hypertext Markup Language 579 · HTML Forms 582 · JavaScript and Client-side Programming 587 · Common Gateway Interface and Server-side Programming 592
8.3 ELECTRONIC MAIL: X.400 AND X.500 STANDARDS
X.400 Mail Standards 598 · X.500 Directory Service 606 · Summary 610
8.4 INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK
ISDN Services 612 · ISDN Architecture 613 Protocols 6l5 · Broadband ISDN 624
8.5 ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE
Benefits of Small Fixed-Size Cells 626 · Overview of ATM Network 628 · Switching 629 · Reference Model 631 · Cell Definition 633 · Virtual Circuits and Paths 636 · Connection Management 637 · Adaptation Layers 639
8.6 SYSTEMS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Lower Layers Physical Link Control 647 · Path Control 648 · Trznsmission Control 654 · Data Flow Control 657 · Higher Layers 659 REVIEW QUESTIONS 661 · EXERCISES 663 · REFERENCES 665
GLOSSARY
ACRONYMS
INDEX