Chapter 1
Methods, Standards, and Work Design: Introduction 1
Productivity Importance 1
Methods and Standards Scope 4
Historical Developments 9
Summary 16
Questions 18
References 19
Websites 21
Chapter 2
Problem. Solving Tools 21
Exploratory Tools 23
Recording and Analysis Tools 30
Quantitative Tools, Worker and Machine Relationships 42
Summary 64
Questions 65
Problems 66
References 69
Selected Software 70
Chapter 3
Operation Analysis 71
The Nine Primary Operation Analysis Approaches 72
1. Operation Purpose 73
2. Part Design 76
3. Tolerances and Specifications 79
4. Material 82
5. Manufacture Sequence and Process 87
6. Setup and Tools 94
7. Material Handling 100
8. Plant Layout 110
9. Work Design 119
Summary 119
Questions 119
Problems 122
References 125
Selected Software 126
Selected Videotapes 126
Chapter 4
Manual Work Design 127
The Musculoskeletal System 128
Principles of Work Design: Human Capabilities and Motion Economy 130
Motion Study 148
Manual Work and Design Guidelines 153
Summary 175
Questions 176
Problems 177
References 178
Selected Software 179
Websites 180
Chapter 5
Workplace, Equipment, and Tool Design 181
Anthropometry and Design 181
Principles of Work Design: The Workplace 187
Principles of Work Design: Machines and
Equipment 198
Cumulative Trauma Disorders 206
Principles of Work Design: Tools 212
Summary 226
Questions 226
Problems 227
References 230
Selected Software 232
Websites 232
Chapter 6
Work Environment Design 233
Illumination 234
Noise 242
Temperature 250
Ventilation 255
Vibration 258
Radiation 261
Shiftwork and Working Hours 261
Safety 268
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 273
OSHA Ergonomics Program 277
Summary 280
Questions 281
Problems 283
References 284
Selected Software 285
Websites 285
Chapter 7
Design of Cognitive Work 287
Information Theory 288
Human Information Processing Model 289
Coding of Information: General Design Principles 306
Display of Visual Information: Specific Design Principles 311
Display of Auditory Information: Specific Design Principles 316
Human Computer Interaction: Hardware Considerations 317
Human Computer Interaction: Software Considerations 322
Summary 324
Questions 324
Problems 326
References 330
Selected Software 332
Websites 332
Chapter 8
Proposed Method Implementation 333
Decision-Making Tools 334
Proposed Method Presentation 348
Installation 349
Job Analysis 352
Job Evaluation 353
Americans with Disabilities Act 363
Follow Up 364
Successful Methods Implementations 365
Summary 367
Questions 367
Problems 368
References 369
Selected Software 371
Chapter 9
Time Study 373
A Fair Day's Work 374
Time Study Requirements 375
Time Study Equipment 377
Time Study Elements 383
Start of Study 386
Execution of Study 394
Rating Operator Performance 394
Calculating the Study 395
The Standard Time 397
Summary 403
Questions 404
Problems 405
References 407
Selected Software 407
Selected Videotapes 408
Chapter 1O
Performance Rating 409
Standard Performance 410
Sound Rating Characteristics 411
Rating Methods 413
Rating Application 420
Rating Analysis 420
Rating Training 422
Summary 427
Questions 427
Problems 428
References 428
Selected Software 429
Selected Videotapes 429
Chapter 11
Allowances 431
Allowance Uses 431
Constant Allowances 434
Variable Fatigue Allowances 435
Special Allowances 447
Allowance Applications 451
Summary 452
Questions 452
Problems 453
References 454
Chapter 12
Standard Data and Formulas 457
Standard Time Data Development 458
Formula Construction from Empirical Data 462
Analytical Formulas 468
Standard Data Usage 473
Summary 478
Questions 479
Problems 480
References 482
Selected Software 482
Chapter 13
Predetermined Time Systems 483
Methods-Time Measurement 485
Maynard Operation Sequence Technique (MOST) 508
Predetermined Time Application 514
Summary 518
Questions 520
Problems 521
References 523
Selected Software 523
Chapter 14
Work Sampling 525
The Theory of Work Sampling 526
Work Sampling Acceptance 531
Work Sampling Study Plans 532
Observations and Data Recording 540
Machine Utilization 540
Allowances Determination 541
Standard Time Determination 543
Self-Observation 544
Work Sampling Software 548
Summary 550
Questions 550
Problems 551
References 553
Selected Software 553
Selected Videotapes 553
Chapter 15
Indirect and Expense Labor
Standards 555
Indirect and Expense Work Standards 556
Standard Indirect and Expense Labor Data 571
Professional Performance Standards 575
Indirect Work Standards Advantages 579
Summary 580
Questions 581
Problems 582
References 583
Selected Videotapes 583
Chapter 16
Standards Follow. Up and
Uses 585
Standard Times Follow-Up and
Maintenance 586
Standards Usage 589
Summary 608
Questions 611
Problems 611
References 612
Selected Software 612
Chapter 17
Wage Payment 613
Day Work Plans 614
Flexible Compensation Plans 615
Indirect Financial Plans 626
Union Attitudes 626
Wage Incentive Plan Prerequisites 627
Wage Incentive Plan Design 628
Wage Incentive System Administration 630
Nonfinancial Performance Motivation
Plans 634
Summary 634
Questions 636
Problems 636
References 638
Selected Software 638
Training and Other Management
Practices 639
Operator Training 640
Plant Training Programs 647
Employees and Motivation 649
Human Interactions 654
Communications 658
Labor Relations and Work Measurement 662
Modem Management Practices 663
Summary 668
Questions 669
Problems 669
References 670
Selected Software 671
Appendix 1: Glossary 672
Appendix 2: Helpful Formulas 689
Appendix 3: Special Tables 693
Appendix 4: MIL.STD.1567A 715
Index 719
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