Foreword, xix
Preface, xxiii
Oucline of this book, xxvi
Acknowledgments , xxix
Part I
Multimedia Applications Requirements, 1
Chapter l
Multimedia Applications and ATM, 3
1.1 Interactive Multimedia Applications, 3
1.1.1 ATM 4
1.1.2 ATM and the Internet, 5
l.1.3 ATM and the Intranets, 8
1.l.4 ATM ant Residential Broadband Networks, 8
I.2 An Ideal Communications Network, 9
l.2.l Distance, 9
1.2.2 Location, 9
1.2.3 Time, 10
1.2.4 Media, 10
1.3 Summary and Oudine of This Part, 12
l.4 References, 12
Chapter 2
Network Architectures: The Telephone Network, the Internet and Intranets 15
2.1 Introduction, 15
2.2 Networking Architectares, 16
2.2.l Fully Connected Point-to-point NeWorks, 16
2.2.2 Switcbed Point-to-point Networks. 18
2.2.2.l Circuit Switching, 19
2.2.2.2 Packet Switching, 22
2.2.2.3 Permanent Connections, 27
2.2.3 Broadcast Networks, 27
2.2.3.1 One-way Broadast, 27
2.2.3.2 Two-way Communications, 28
2.2.3.3 Circuit Switching on Shared Medium, 28
2.2.3.4 Packet Switching on Shared Medium, 29
2.3 Limitations of Today's Network Infrastructures, 30
2.3.1 Telepbone Networks, 30
2.3.1.1 Characteristics, 30
2.3.1.2 Limlitations, 31
2.3.2 Tbe Internet and Intranets, 32
2.3.2.1 Characteristics, 32
2.3.2.2 Limitations, 37
2.4 Summary, 39
2.5 References, 40
Chapter 3
An Application Classification, 41
3.1 Introduction, 41
3.2 Communications Applications, 42
3.2.1 Definition, 42
3.2.2 Networking Attributes of an Application, 42
3.2.2.1 Information Types, 42
3.2.2.2 Delivery Requirements, 43
3.2.2.3 Symmetry, 44
3.2.2.4 Number of Parties, 46
3.2.2.5 Wired or Wireless Access, 47
3.2.2.6 Mobilicy, 48
3.2.2.7 Human versus Non-Human, 49
3.3 A Classification of Applications, 50
3.3.1 Real-time Streaming Applications, 50
3.3.2 Real-time Block Transfer Applications, 52
3.3.2.1 Internet Applications, 53
3.3.2.2 Web Browsing, 53
3.3.2.3 Bandwidth- versus Latency-Limited, 55
3.3.3 Non-real-time Applications, 56
3.4 Summary, 58
3.5 References, 58
Chapter 4
Application Traffic Requirements, 59
4.1 Introduction, 59
4.1.1 Applications Requirtements, 60
4.1.2 Traffic and QoS Requirements, 61
4.2 Traffic Generation Patterns, 61
4.2.1 Arrival Distribution: Continuous uersus Bursty Traffic, 62
4.2.2 ADU Length Di5tribution, 62
4.2.3 Packet Length Di5tribution, 63
4.2.3. I Packet Loss Probability, 64
4.2.3.2 MTU Size of Link Layer, 64
4.2.3.3 Default Packet Sizc Limit, 64
4.2.3.4 Packetization Delay, 65
4.2.3.5 Transmission Delay, 65
4.2.3.6 Effects of Loss Packets, 65
4.2.4 Self-similarity Traffic, 66
4.2.5 CBR versus VBR, 66
4.2.6 Traffic Shaping, 67
4.2.7 Adaptive Applications, 69
4.2.8 Traffic Asymmetry, 69
4.3 Bandwidth Requirements, 70
4.3.1 Bandwidth Parameters, 70
4.3.1.1 Peak Bandwidth, 70
4.3.1.2 Average Bandwidth, 71
4.3.2 Real-time Streaming Applicationsl, 72
4.3.3 Real-time Block Transfer Applications, 73
4.3.4 Time-based Information Delivery Requirements, 75
4.3.5 User Level Bebauior, 76
4.4 Summary, 77
4.5 References, 77
Chapter 5
Application QoS Requirements, 79
5.l Introduction, 79
5.2 Delay Requirements, 81
5.2.l Delay Distrbudon, 81
5.2.2 Delay Components, 81
5.2.3 Absolute Delay Requirements, 86
5.2.3.l Real-time Streaming Applications, 87
5.2.3.2 Real-time Block Transfer Applications, 89
5.2.4 Delay Variation (Jitters) Rcquiremnents, 90
5.2.4.l Telephony, 92
5.3 Error Requirements, 92
5.3.1 Error Tolerances, 93
5.3.1.1 Information Types, 93
5.3.l.2 Usage, 94
5.3.l.3 Components, 94
5.3.l.4 Compression Ratio, 94
5.3.2 Error Characterization, 95
5.3.2.l Application Layer: ADU Loss Ratio, 95
5.3.2.2 Network Layer: PDU Loss Ratio, 95
5.3.2.3 Physical Layer: Bit Error Ratio, 95
5.3.3 Error Requirements for Different Application Classes, 96
5.3.3.l Real-time Streaming Applications, 96
5.3.3.2 Real-time Block Transfer Applications, 100
5.3.3.3 Non-real-time Applications, 100
5.4 Summary, 101
5.5 References, 101
Part II
Fundamentals of ATM, 103
Chapter 6
Principles of ATM, 105
6.l Introduction, 105
6.2 Principles of ATM, 107
6.2.1 Sulitcbed Point-to-point Architecture, 107
6.2.2 Packet Switcbing, 108
6.2.3 Fast Packet Switching, 109
6.2.3.1 Problems of Classic Packet Switching, 109
6.2.3.2 Solution: Fast Packet Switching, 111
6.2.3.5 Techniques of Fast Packet Switching, 111
6.2.4 Rtsourct ReserudtzOH and Admission Control, 117
6.2.5 Asyncbronous Time Division Multiplexing, 118
6.3 Advantages of ATM, 119
6.3.1 Ttcbnical Advantages, l19
6.3.l.l High Bandwidth, l19
6.3.1.2 Quality of Service Guarantet, 120
6.3.1.3 Flexibility, 120
6.3.l.4 Inregration, 120
6.3.1.5 Scaleability, 121
6.3.1.6 Efficiency, 122
6.3.1.7 Operations, 122
6.3.2 StfHtegiC Advantages, 122
6.3.2.l One Networking Architecture, l22
6.3.2.2 Compatible Architectures, l23
6.3.2.3 True Multi-vendor Support, 123
6.4 Summary, 123
6.5 References, 124
Chapter 7
Overview ofATM, l25
7.l Introduction, 125
7.2 Basic Elements ofan ATM Network, 125
7.3 Standard ATM Interfaces, 127
7.4 ATM Layered Model, 129
7.5 Basic ATM Network Operations, 130
7.5.1 Call Establishment, 130
7.5.2 Cell Sequencing dnd VC Routts, 132
7.6 Call Negotiation and Renegotiation, 132
7.7 VC Number and Translation, 133
7.8 Virtual Channel and Virtual Channel Connection, 136
7.9 Virtual Path Connection, 136
7.1O VCC and VPC Usage, 138
7.1O.1 One VCC for Multiple Applications, 139
7.1O.2 One VCC for Each App1ication, 139
7.1O.3 Multiple VCCs for an Application, l4O
7.1O.4 One VPC per Application, 140
7.1O.5 One VPCper Component, l4O
7.1O.7 One VPCper Pair of Locations, 14l
7.1O.7 One VCCper Pair of Locations, l4l
7.11 Summary,141
7.12 References, 141
Chapter 8
The Protocol Reference Model of ATM, 143
8.1 Introduction, 143
8.2 Layered Architecture, 144
8.2.l Physical Layers 146
8.2.2 The (Optional)MAAC layer, 150
8.2.3 ATM Layer, 152
8.2.3.l ATM Cell Format, 153
8.2.3.2 ATM Layer Functions at the UNI, 157
8.2.4 ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL), 159
8.2.5 Higher Layer Protocols 16O
8.3 The Hourglass Model 160
8.4 Multi-Plane Model, 161
8.4.1 User Plane 162
8.4.2 Control Plane 163
8.4.3 Management Plae,163
8.5 B-ISDN PRM and ISO OSI Reference Model, 164
8.5.1 Pure ATM Networks, 164
8.5.2 Internetworking, 165
8.5.2.l Internetworking with Legacy LANs using IP, 165
8.6 Summary, 167
8.7 References, l67
Chapter 9
ATM Adaptation Layers l69
9.l Introduction, 169
9.2 End-to-end ATM Protocol Model, l70
9.3 AAL Functions, 172
9.3.l Segmentation and Reassembly. 172
9.3.2 Reduetion of CPU Processing Overbead 173
9.3.3 Error Control Mecbanisms 174
9.3.4 Syncbronization and Clock Rtcovery, 175
9.3.5 Maintenance of Traffic Patterns, 176
9.3.6 Receive BUffer Allocation, l76
9.3.7 Multiplexing of Multiple Data Streams 177
9.4 AAL Service Classes and AAL Types, 177
9.4.1 Origin Of AAL Types, 177
9.4.2 Attributes Of AAL Service Classes 178
9.4.2. I Source Traffic Pattern, 178
9.4.2.2 End-to-end Timing Relationship, 178
9.4.2.3 Connection Mode, 178
9.4.3 AAL Service Classes: An Overview, 179
9.4.3.1 Class A, 179
9.4.3.2 Class B, 179
9.4.3.3 Class C, 179
9.4.3.4 Class D, 179
9.4.3.5 Class X, 180
9.4.4 Service Model Evolution, 181
9.5 AAL Types, 181
9.5.1 AAL 1, 184
9.5.1.1 Functions, 184
9.5.1.2 Convergence Sublayer, 187
9.5.l.3 SAR Sublayer, 188
9.5.l.4 Applications, 190
9.5.2 AAL 3/4, 190
9.5.2.1 CS Sublayer, 191
9.5.2.2 SAR Sublayer, 192
9.5.2.3 Message and Streaming Modes, 194
9.5.3 AAL 5, 194
9.5.3.1 Functions, 195
9.5.3.2 CS Sublayer, 196
9.5.3.3 SAR, 197
9.5.3.4 Comparison Between AAL 5 and AAL 3/4, 197
9.5.4 Comparisons Of AAL Types 198
9.6 Summary, 199
9.7 References, 199
Chaptet IO
ATM Access (UNI) Signalings, 201
10.1 Introduction, 201
10.2 ATM Signaling Concepts, 202
10.2.1 Permanent and Switchted VC, 202
1O.2.2 Signaling Virtual Chanel, 203
1O.2.3 VPI and VPCI, 204
10.2.3.1 Proxy Signaling Capability, 206
1O.2.3.2 Virtual UNIs and ATM Multiplexer, 207
1O.2.4 Signaling Protocol Model and SAAL, 209
1O.2.5 ATM Addressing, 21O
10.2.6 Address Registration, 212
1O.2.7 Anycast and Group Address, 213
1O.3 ATM Connection Types, 213
1O.3.1 Type 1: Point-to-Point, 213
10.3.2 Type 2: Point-to-Multipoint, 214
1O.3.3 Type 3: Multipoint-to-Point, 215
1O.3.4 Type 4: Multipoint-to-Multipoint, 217
1O.3.5 First Pary Versus Third Party Control, 217
1O.4 ATM UNI Signaling Protocol, 218
10.4.1 Signaling Messages, 218
1O.4.1.1 Protocol Discriminator (1 octet), 219
1O.4.l.2 Call Reference (4 octets), 219
1O.4.1.3 Message Type (2 octets), 219
1O.4.l.4 Message Length (2 octets), 219
1O.4.2 Signaling Procedures, 226
10.4.2.l Point-to-Point Connection, 226
10.4.3 ATM Call States, 232
1O.4.4 Timers, 233
1O.4.5 Point-to-Multipoint Connection Type, 234
10.4.5.1 Root Initiated, 234
1O.4.5.2 Leaf Initiated Join Call, 235
1O.5 Summary, 236
1O.6 References, 236
Chapter 11
Traffic Management and ATM Service Categories, 237
11.1 Introduction, 237
11.2 Traffic Management, 237
11.2.1 Connection-based Traffic Management, 239
11.2.1.1 Connection Admission Control, 239
11.2.1.2 Network Resource Management, 240
11.2.2 Cell-by-Cell-Based Traffic Management, 240
11.2.2.1 Usage Parameter Control, 240
11.2.2.2 Traffic Shaping, 241
11.2.2.3 Scheduling, 241
11.2.2.4 Buffer Management, 244
11.2.2.5 CLP Control, 247
11.2.2.6 Feedback Control, 247
11.3 Traffic Contract, 248
11.3.1. ATM Traffic Parameters and Source Traffic Descriptor, 248
11.3.1.1 Peak Cell Rate, 248
11.3.l.2 Sustainable Cell Rate, 249
11.3.1.3 Maximum Burst Size, 249
11.3.1.4 Minimum Cell Rare, 249
11.3.2 Conntction Traffic Descriptor, 250
11.3.2.1 Cell Delay Variation Tolerance, 250
11.3.2.2 Cell Conformance and Connection Compliance, 250
11.3.3 ATM QoS Parameters, 251
11.3.3.l Maximum Cell Transfer Delay, 251
11.3.3.2 Peak-to-Peak Cell Delay Variation, 251
l1.3.3.3 Cell Loss Ratio, 252
l1.4 ATM Service Categories, 252
11.4.l CBR, 254
1l.4.2 rt-VBR, 254
11.4.3 nrt-VBR, 254
1l.4.4 UBR, 254
11.4.5 ABR, 255
11.5 ABR Service, 255
11.5.l Feedback Mecbanisms, 256
11.5.2 ABR Flow Contro1, 258
ll.6 Summary, 259
ll.7 References, 260
Part III
Residential Broadband Network: ATM-to-the-Home, 26l
Chapter 12
Residential Broadband Service and Network Architectures, 263
12.l Introduction, 263
12.2 Legary Residential Networks and Internet Access, 265
12.2.l Dial-up Internet Access, 267
l2.3 Residential Broadband Service Requirements, 269
12.3.1 Conntctivity, 269
12.3.l.1 The Internet, 269
12.3.l.2 Corporate Networks, 269
12.3.1.3 Lncal Content, 270
12.3.1.4 Peer-to-peer Communication, 270
12.3.2 Funttional Requirement, 271
12.3.2.1 Easy Migration from Existing ISP Access Infrastrncture, 271
12.3.2.2 Simultaneous Connectivily: Internet and Corporate Network, 271
12.3.2.3 Multi-Protocol Support, 271
12.3.2.4 Security, 271
12.3.2.5 Multicast, 272
12.3.2.6 Multiplc Service Class Support, 272
12.3.2.7 Quality of Service Supporl, 272
12.4 Residential Broadband Service Architectnre, 272
12.4.l Residential Access Network, 273
12.4.l.l XDSL Modems, 274
12.4.1.2 Cable Modems, 275
12.4.2 CO and Headend Networks, 276
12.4.3 Broatlband Internet Access, 277
12.4.4 In-Home Network, 279
12.4.4.l External Modem, 280
12.4.4.2 Internal PC Modems, 281
12.4.5 End-to-end ATM Arcbitecture, 282
12.5 Summary, 283
12.6 References, 283
Chapter 13
ATM Over xDSL Network Architecture, 285
l3.l Introduction, 285
13.1.1 Interactive TV Market, 286
13.l.2 Internet Opportunity and Cable Modem Tbreat, 286
l3.2 Subscriber Loop Architecture, 287
13.2.1 Subscriber Loop, 287
13.2.2 Digital Transmissions in the Loop, 289
13.2.2.1 DLC Systems, 289
13.2.2.2 CSA Guidelines, 290
13.2.2.3 ISDN: First Digital Service to the Home, 290
13.3 xDSL Technologies, 291
13.3.l History, 291
13.3.2 xDSL Characteriltict, 292
13.3.2.1 Bandwidth Improvement, 292
13.3.2.2 Point-to-point, 294
l3.3.2.3 Always "Connected", 294
13.3.2.4 Simultaneous POTS support, 295
13.3.2.5 Rate Adaptive, 295
13.3.3 The xDSL Family, 295
13.3.3.1 Symmetry in Bi-directional Bandwidth, 296
13.3.3.2 Bandwidth, 296
13.3.3.3 Maximum Loop Distance, 296
13.3.3.4 Lifcline POTS Support, 297
13.3.3.5 HDSL, 297
13.3.3.6 ADSL, 298
13.3.3.7 SDSL, 299
13.3.3.8 VDSL, 299
l3.4 ADSL-based Broadband Service Architecture, 300
13.5 ADSL-based ATM-to-the-Home Architecture, 302
l3.5.l Arcbitecture, 302
13.5.l.l DSLAM, 302
13.5.1.2 Customer Premise, 305
13.5.2 Broadband Internet and Telecommuting Services, 305
13.5.2.1 Null Encapsulation and VC Multiplexing of PPP over ATM, 306
13.6 Summary, 307
13.7 References, 307
Chapter 14
Hybrid Fiber/Coax Network Architecture, 309
14.l Introduction, 309
14.2 Legary Cable Network Architecture, 310
l4.2.l History, 310
l4.2.2 Topology, 310
l4.2.3 Network Architecture: Passband and Broddcast, 312
l4.2.4 Spectrum A11acation, 314
14.3 The Hybrid Fiber Coax Network Architecture, 3l5
l4.3.l Legacy Cable Network Problems, 315
14.3.l.l Reliability, 315
14.3.1.2 Signal Quality, 315
14.3.1.3 Return Path, 315
14.3.2 The HFC Network Arcbitecture, 317
14.3.2.l Fiber Optics, 317
14.3.2.2 The HFC Topology: Node Architecture, 3l8
l4.3.2.3 Digital Transmission, 319
l4.3.2.4 Upstream Transmission, 320
14.3.2.3 Switched Two-Way HFC Architecture, 32l
14.4 ATM-to-the-Home over HFC Network, 322
l4.4.l Interactive TV and the Internet, 322
14.4.2 ATM-to-the-Home Architecturt, 323
14.4.2.l ATM Node Switch, 323
14.4.2.2 Home Termination Unit, 326
14.4.2.3 Headend Network, 327
14.4.2.4 Headend Servers, 327
l4.4.3 Operation, 327
l4.4.4 End-to-enti Protocol Arcbitecture, 328
l4.4.5 Hybrid Cable Alodem:Analog Modem Dial-up Retur, 330
14.5 Summary, 330
14.6 References, 331
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