Foreword 1
Part I Routing Basics 3
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts: Internetworks, Routers, and Addresses 4
Bicycles with Motors 6
Data Link Addresses 7
Repeaters and Bridges 11
Routers 18
Network Addresses 22
Looking Ahead 25
Recommended Reading 25
Review Questions 26
Chapter 2 TCP/IP Review 28
The TCP/IP Protocol Layers 29
The IP Packet Header 32
IP Addresses 40
The First Octet Rule 45
Address Masks 48
Subnets and Subnet Masks 51
Designing Subnets 55
Breaking the Octet Boundary 57
Troubleshooting a Subnet Mask 62
ARP 63
Proxy ARP 69
Gratuitous ARP 72
Reverse ARP 72
ICMP 73
The Host-to-Host Layer 78
TCP 78
UDP 83
Looking Ahead 84
Summary Table: Chapter 2 Command Review 85
Recommended Reading 85
Review Questions 86
Configuration Exercises 87
Troubleshooting Exercises 88
Chapter 3 Static Routing 90
The Route Table 92
Configuring Static Routes 97
Case Study: Simple Static Routes 97
Case Study: Summary Routes 101
Case Study: Alternative Routes 103
Case Study: Floating Static Routes 105
Case Study: Load Sharing 109
Per Destination Load Sharing and Fast Switching 110
Per Packet Load Sharing and Process Switching 111
Case Study: Recursive Table Lookups 113
Troubleshooting Static Routes 114
Case Study: Tracing a Failed Route 115
Case Study: A Protocol Conflict 121
Looking Ahead 126
Summary Table: Chapter 3 Command Review 126
Review Questions 127
Configuration Exercises 128
Troubleshooting Exercises 130
Chapter 4 Dynamic Routing
Protocols 136
Routing Protocol Basics 138
Path Determination 138
Metrics 141
Hop Count 142
Bandwidth 142
Load 143
Delay 143
Reliability 143
Cost 144
Convergence 144
Load Balancing 146
Distance Vector Routing Protocols 146
Common Characteristics 148
Periodic Updates 148
Neighbors 148
Broadcast Updates 148
Full Routing Table Updates 149
Routing by Rumor 149
Route Invalidation Timers 151
Split Horizon 152
Counting to Infinity 156
Triggered Updates 157
Holddown Timers 158
Asynchronous Updates 158
Link State Routing Protocols 160
Neighbors 161
Link State Flooding 162
Sequence Numbers 163
Aging 172
The Link State Database 173
The SPF Algorithm 176
Areas 181
Interior and Exterior Gateway
Protocols 183
Static or Dynamic Routing? 185
Looking Ahead 186
Recommended Reading 186
Review Questions 188
Part II Interior Routing Protocols 189
Chapter 5 Routing Information
Protocol (RIP) 190
Operation of RIP 192
RIP Timers and Stability Features 193
RIP Message Format 196
Request Message Types 199
Classful Routing 200
Classful Routing: Directly Connected Subnets 201
Classful Routing: Summarization at Boundary Routers 203
Classful Routing: Summary 205
Configuring RIP 205
Case Study: A Basic RIP
Configuration 205
Case Study: Passive Interfaces 207
Case Study: Configuring Unicast
Updates 210
Case Study: Discontiguous Subnets 212
Case Study: Manipulating RIP
Metrics 216
Troubleshooting RIP 219
Looking Ahead 220
Summary Table: Chapter 5 Command Review 220
Recommended Reading 220
Review Questions 221
Configuration Exercises 221
Troubleshooting Exercises 223
Chapter 6 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) 230
Operation of IGRP 232
IGRP Timers and Stability Features 235
IGRP Metrics 237
IGRP Packet Format 245
Configuring IGRP 249
Case Study: A Basic IGRP
Configuration 250
Case Study: Unequal-Cost Load
Balancing 251
Case Study: Setting Maximum Paths 256
Case Study: Multiple IGRP Processes 257
Troubleshooting IGRP 260
Case Study: Unequal-Cost Load
Balancing, Again 261
Case Study: A Segmented Network 263
Looking Ahead 266
Summary Table: Chapter 6 Command Review 267
Recommended Reading 268
Review Questions 268
Configuration Exercises 269
Troubleshooting Exercises 273
Chapter 7 Routing Information Protocol Version 2 280
Operation of RIPv2 282
RIPv2 Message Format 282
Compatibility with RIPv1 286
Classless Route Lookups 287
Classless Routing Protocols 287
Variable-Length Subnet Masking 288
Authentication 292
Configuring RIPv2 296
Case Study: A Basic RIPv2
Configuration 297
Case Study: Compatibility with
RIPv1 297
Case Study: Using VLSM 300
Case Study: Discontiguous Subnets and Classless
Routing 303
Case Study: Authentication 306
Troubleshooting RIPv2 309
Case Study: Misconfigured VLSM 310
Looking Ahead 317
Summary Table: Chapter 7 Command Review 317
Recommended Reading 318
Review Questions 318
Configuration Exercises 319
Troubleshooting Exercises 321
Chapter 8 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol(EIGRP) 326
Operation of EIGRP 329
Protocol-Dependent Modules 330
Reliable Transport Protocol 331
Neighbor Discovery/Recovery 333
The Diffusing Update Algorithm 335
DUAL: Preliminary Concepts 335
The DUAL Finite State Machine 345
Diffusing Computation: Example 1 349
Diffusing Computation: Example 2 354
EIGRP Packet Formats 363
The EIGRP Packet Header 363
General TLV Fields 365
IP-Specific TLV Fields 366
Address Aggregation 371
Configuring EIGRP 376
Case Study: A Basic EIGRP
Configuration 377
Case Study: Redistribution with IGRP 379
Case Study: Disabling Automatic Summarization 383
Case Study: Address Aggregation 384
Authentication 385
Troubleshooting EIGRP 387
Case Study: A Missing Neighbor 388
Stuck-in-Active Neighbors 394
Looking Ahead 399
Summary Table: Chapter 8 Command review 399
Review Questions 401
Configuration Exercises 402
Troubleshooting Exercises 404
Chapter 9 Open Shortest Path First 408
Operation of OSPF 410
Neighbors and Adjacencies 412
The Hello Protocol 413
Network Types 415
Designated Routers and Backup
Designated Routers 418
OSPF Interfaces 423
OSPF Neighbors 430
Flooding 450
Areas 457
Router Types 460
Partitioned Areas 462
Virtual Links 463
The Link State Database 466
LSA Types 470
Stub Areas 479
The Route Table 485
Destination Types 486
Path Types 487
Route Table Lookups 490
Authentication 491
OSPF over Demand Circuits 491
OSPF Packet Formats 493
The Packet Header 495
The Hello Packet 498
The Database Description Packet 499
The Link State Request Packet 501
The Link State Update Packet 502
The Link State Acknowledgment
Packet 503
OSPF LSA Formats 504
The LSA Header 504
The Router LSA 506
The Network LSA 509
The Network and ASBR Summary
LSAs 510
The Autonomous System External
LSA 512
The NSSA External LSA 513
The Options Field 515
Configuring OSPF 516
Case Study: A Basic OSPF
Configuration 516
Case Study: Setting Router IDs with Loopback
Interfaces 520
Case Study: Domain Name Service Lookups 525
Case Study: OSPF and Secondary Addresses 526
Case Study: Stub Areas 531
Case Study: Totally Stubby Areas 536
Case Study: Not-So-Stubby Areas 537
Case Study: Address Summarization 545
Case Study: Authentication 550
Case Study: Virtual Links 553
Case Study: OSPF on NBMA Networks 555
Case Study: OSPF over Demand
Circuits 565
Troubleshooting OSPF 567
Case Study: An Isolated Area 572
Case Study: Misconfigured
Summarization 577
Looking Ahead 581
Summary Table: Chapter 9 Command Review 581
Recommended Reading 583
Review Questions 584
Configuration Exercises 585
Troubleshooting Exercises 588
Chapter 10 Integrated IS-IS 592
Operation of Integrated IS-IS 595
IS-IS Areas 597
Network Entity Titles 600
IS-IS Functional Organization 603
Subnetwork Dependent Functions 604
Subnetwork Independent Functions 610
IS-IS PDU Formats 621
CLV Fields 624
The IS-IS Hello PDU Format 627
The IS-IS Link State PDU Format 636
The IS-IS Sequence Numbers PDU
Format 646
Configuring Integrated IS-IS 647
Case Study: A Basic Integrated IS-IS
Configuration 650
Case Study: Changing the Router
Types 655
Case Study: An Area Migration 660
Case Study: Route Summarization 664
Case Study: Authentication 668
Troubleshooting Integrated IS-IS 671
Troubleshooting IS-IS Adjacencies 672
Troubleshooting the IS-IS Link State Database 673
Case Study: Integrated IS-IS on NBMA Networks 678
Looking Ahead 684
Summary Table: Chapter 10 Command Review
685
Review Questions 686
Configuration Exercises 688
Troubleshooting Exercises 690
Part III Route Control and
Interoperability 692
Chapter 11 Route Redistribution 694
Principles of Redistribution 698
Metrics 698
Administrative Distances 699
Redistributing from Classless to
Classful Protocols 707
Configuring Redistribution 712
Case Study: Redistributing IGRP
and RIP 715
Case Study: Redistributing EIGRP and OSPF 717
Case Study: Redistribution and Route
Summarization 722
Case Study: Redistributing IS-IS and RIP 730
Case Study: Redistributing Static
Routes 733
Looking Ahead 737
Summary Table: Chapter 11 Command Review 738
Review Questions 738
Configuration Exercises 739
Troubleshooting Exercises 740
Chapter 12 Default Routes and On-Demand Routing 742
Fundamentals of Default Routes 744
Fundamentals of On-Demand
Routing 746
Configuring Default Routes and
ODR 750
Case Study: Static Default Routes 751
Case Study: The Default-Network Command 755
Case Study: The Default-Information Originate Command 758
Case Study: Configuring On-Demand Routing 763
Looking Ahead 764
Summary Table: Chapter 12 Command Review 765
Review Questions 765
Chapter 13 Route Filtering 768
Configuring Route Filters 771
Case Study: Filtering Specific Routes 772
Case Study: Route Filtering and Redistribution 776
Case Study: A Protocol Migration 780
Case Study: Multiple Redistribution Points 787
Case Study: Using Distances to Set
Router Preferences 794
Looking Ahead 797
Summary Table: Chapter 13 Command Review 797
Configuration Exercises 798
Troubleshooting Exercises 801
Chapter 14 Route Maps 804
Basic Uses of Route Maps 805
Configuring Route Maps 809
Case Study: Policy Routing 812
Case Study: Policy Routing and
Quality of Service Routing 820
Case Study: Route Maps and
Redistribution 824
Case Study: Route Tagging 829
Looking Ahead 836
Summary Table: Chapter 14 Command Review 837
Review Questions 839
Configuration Exercises 839
Troubleshooting Exercises 841
Part IV Appendixes 842
Appendix A Tutorial: Working with
Binary and Hex 844
Working with Binary Numbers 847
Working with Hexadecimal
Numbers 849
Appendix B Tutorial: Access Lists 852
Access List Basics 854
Implicit Deny Any 856
Sequentiality 856
Access List Types 857
Editing Access Lists 861
Standard IP Access Lists 862
Extended IP Access Lists 865
TCP Access Lists 869
UDP Access Lists 870
ICMP Access Lists 871
Calling the Access List 872
Keyword Alternatives 875
Named Access Lists 876
Filter Placement Considerations 877
Access List Monitoring and
Accounting 880
Appendix C CCIE Preparation Tips 882
Laying the Foundations 885
Hands-On Experience 886
Intensifying the Study 887
The Final Six Months 888
Exam Day 889
Appendix D Answers to Review Questions 892
Chapter 1 893
Chapter 2 896
Chapter 3 900
Chapter 4 902
Chapter 5 905
Chapter 6 906
Chapter 7 907
Chapter 8 908
Chapter 9 911
Chapter 10 914
Chapter 11 916
Chapter 12 917
Chapter 14 918
Appendix E Solutions to Configuration Problems 920
Chapter 2 921
Chapter 3 931
Chapter 5 935
Chapter 6 938
Chapter 7 939
Chapter 8 942
Chapter 9 943
Chapter 10 948
Chapter 11 958
Chapter 13 959
Chapter 14 962
Appendix F Solutions to Troubleshooting Exercises 966
Chapter 2 967
Chapter 3 968
Chapter 5 968
Chapter 6 970
Chapter 7 970
Chapter 8 970
Chapter 9 971
Chapter 10 971
Chapter 11 972
Chapter 13 972
Chapter 14 973
Index 974
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