CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1
What Is Software Architecture
1
1.1.1
Software Design Levels, 4
1.2 An Engineering Discipline for Software
5
1.2.1 What Is Engineering , 6
1.2.2 The Current State of Software Technology, 10
1.3 The Status of Software Architecture
15
1.4 The Plan of This Book
17
CHAPTER 2 Architectural Styles
2.1 Architectural Styles
19
2.2 Pipes and Filters
21
2.3 Data Abstraction and Object-Oriented Organization
2.4 Event-Based, Implicit Invocation
23
2.5 Layered Systems
25
2.6 Repositories
20
2.7 Interpreters
27
2.8 Process Control
27
2.8.1 Process-Control Paradigms, 28
2.8.2 ASoftware Paradigm for Process Control, 30
2.9 Other Familiar Architectures
31
2.10 Heterogeneous Architectures
32
CHAPTER 3 Case Studies 33
3.1 Key Word in Context
33
3.1.1 Solution 1: Main Program/Subroutine with Shared Data, 34
3.1.2 Solution 2: Abstract Data Types, 35
3.1.3 Solution 3: Implicit Invocation, 36
3.1.4 Solution 4: Pipes and Filters, 37
3.1.5 Comparisons, 38
3.2 Instrumentation Software
39
3.2.1 An Object-Oriented Model, 39
3.2.2 A Layered Model, 40
3.2.3 A Pipe-and-Filter Model, 41
3.2.4 A Modified Pipe-and-Filter Model, 41
3.2.5 Further Specialization, 42
3.2.6 Summary, 42
3.3 Mobile Robotics
43
By Marco Schumacher
3.3.1 Design Considerations, 43
3.3.2 Solution 1: Control Loop, 44
3.3.3 Solution 2: Layered Architecture, 45
3.3.4 Solution 3: Implicit Invocation, 47
3.3.5 Solution 4: Blackboard Architecture, 49
3.3.6 Comparisons, 51
3.4 Cruise Control
51
3.4.1 Object View of Cruise Control, 53
3.4.2 Process-Control View of Cruise Control, 53
3.4.3 Analysis and Discussion, 58
3.4.4 Summary, 60
3.5 Three Vignettes in Mixed Style
60
3.5.1 A Layered Design with Different Styles for the Layers, 60
3.5.2 An Interpreter Using Different Idioms for the Components, 63
3.5.3 A Blackboard Globally Recast as an Interpreter, 66
CHAPTER 4 Shared Information Systems 69
4.1 Shared Information Systems
69
4.2 Database Integration
70
4.2.1 Batch Sequential, 70
4.2.2 Simple Repository, 71
4.2.3 Virtual Repository, 75
4.2.4 Hierarchical Layers, 79
4.2.5 Evolution of Shared Information Systems in Business Data Processing, 80
4.3 Integration in Software Development Environments
82
4.3.1 Batch Sequential, 83
4.3.2 Transition from Batch Sequential to Repository, 83
4.3.3 Repository, 85
4.3.4 Hierarchical Layers, 86
4.3.5 Evolution of Shared Information Systems in Software Development
Environments, 88
4.4 Integration in the Design of Buildings
88
4.4.1 Repository, 89
4.4.2 Intelligent Control, 90
4.4.3 Evolution of Shared Information Systems in Building Design, 91
4.5 Architectural Structures for Shared Information Systems
93
4.5.1 Variants on Datafiow Systems, 93
4.5.2 Variants on Repositories, 94
4.6 Some Conclusions
95
CHAPTER 5 Architectural Design Guidance 97
5.1 Guidance for User-Interface Architectures
97
by Thomas G. Lane
5.1.1 Design Spaces and Rules, 97
5.1.2 A Design Space for User-Interface Architectures, 100
5.1.3 Design Rules for User-Interface Architecture, 110
5.1.4 Applying the Design Space: An Example, 111
5.1.5 AValidation Experiment, 113
5.1.6 How the Design Space Was Prepared, 114
5.1.7 Summary, 115
5.2 The Quantified Design Space
116
by Toru Asada, Roy lq. Swonger, Nadine Bounds, and Paul Duerig
5.2.1 Overview, 116
5.2.2 Background, 116
5.2.3 Quantified Design Space, 120
5.2.4 Conclusion, 127
CHAPTER 6 Formal Models and Specifications 129
6.1
The Value of Architectural Formalism
129
6.2 Formalizing the Architecture of a Specific System
130
6.3 Formalizing an Architectural Style
133
6.3.1 Filters, 134
6.3.2 Pipes, 135
6.3.3 Pipe-and-Filter System, 136
6.4 Formalizing an Architectural Design Space
139
6.5 Toward a Theory of Software Architecture
142
6.6 What Next
142
6.7 Z Notation Used in This Chapter
143
CHAPTER 7 Linguistic Issues 147
7.1 Requirements for Architecture-Description Languages
147
7.1.1 The Linguistic Character of Architectural Description, 148
7.1.2 Desiderata for Architecture-Description Languages, 151
7.1.3 Problems with Existing Languages, 155
7.2 First-Class Connectors
160
7.2.1 Current Practice, 160
7.2.2 Problems with Current Practice, 161
7.2.3 A Fresh View of Software System Composition, 165
7.2.4 An Architectural Language with First-Class Connectors, 166
7.2.5 The Promise of Explicit Architectural Notations, 171
7.3 Adding Implicit Invocation to Traditional Programming Languages
172
7.3.1 Introduction, 172
7.3.2 Adding Implicit Invocation to Ada, 174
7.3.3 Evaluation, 181
CHAPTER8 Tools for Architectural Design 183
8.1 UniCon: A Universal Connector Language
183
8.1.1 Components and Connectors, 185
8.1.2 Abstraction and Encapsulation, 186
8.1.3 Types and Type Checking, 187
8.1.4 Accommodating Analysis Tools, 188
8.2 Exploiting Style in Architectural Design Environments
190
8.2.1 What Is Architectural Style , 190
8.2.2 Automated Support for Architectural Design, 192
8.2.3 Observations about Environments for Architectural Design, 202
8.3 Beyond Definition/Use:ArchitecturalInterconnection
204
8.3.1 Implementation versus Interaction, 205
8.3.2 Example, 206
8.3.3 The WRIGHT Model of Architectural Description, 208
8.3.4 Reasoning about Architectural Descriptions, 210
8.3.5 A Brief Explanation of Our Use of CSP, 211
CHAPTER 9 Education of Software Architects 213
9.1 Philosophy and Course Overview
213
9.1.1 Objectives, 213
9.1.2 Approach, 214
9.2 Course Description
215
9.3 Assignments
218
9.3.1 Purpose, 218
9.3.2 Readings, 219
9.3.3 Architectural Development Tasks, 220
9.3.4 Formal Modeling, 222
9.3.5 Analysis and Interpretation of a System, 222
9.4 Evaluation
223
9.4.1 Lessons from the Initial Offering, 223
9.4.2 Conclusions About Teaching Software Architecture, 225
Bibliography
Index
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