Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Acronyms
Chapter 1
Multimedia Communications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Multimedia Communication Model
1.3 Elements of Multimedia Systems
1.4 User Requirements
1.5 Network Requirements
1.6 Packet Transfer Concept
1.7 Multimedia Requirements and ATM Networks
1.8 Multimedia Terminals
1.9 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 2
Audio-Visual Integration
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Media Interaction
2.3 Bimodality of Human Speech
2.4 Lip Reading
2.5 Speech-Driven Talking Heads
2.6 Lip Synchronization
2.7 Lip Tracking
2.8 Audio-to-Visual Mapping
2.8.1 Classification-Based Conversion
2.8.2 HMM for Audio-to-Visual Conversion
2.8.3 Audio and Visual Integration for Lip-Reading Applications
2.8.4 Audio-Visual Information Preprocessing
2.8.5 Pattern-Recognition Strategies
2.8.6 Integration Strategy
2.9 Bimodal Person Verification
2.10 Joint Audio-Video Coding
2.11 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 3
Multimedia Processing in Communications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Digital Media
3.3 Signal-Processing Elements
3.4 Challenges of Multimedia Information Processing
3.4.1 Pre and Postprocessing
3.4.2 Speech, Audio and Acoustic Processing for Multimedia
3.4.3 video Signal Processing
3.4.4 Content-Based Image Retrieval
Texture-Based Methods
Shape-Based Methods
Color-Based Methods
3.5 Perceptual Coding of Digital Audio Signals
3.5.1 General Perceptual Audio-Coding Architecture
3.5.2 Review of Psychoacoustic Fundamentals
Absolute Threshold of Hearing
Critical Band Frequency Analysis
Simultaneous Masking and the Spread of Masking
Temporal Masking
PE
3.6 Transform Audio Coders
3.6.1 Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain
3.6.2 Perceptual Transform Coder
3.6.3 Hybrid Coder
3.6.4 Transform Coding Using DFT Interblock Redundancy
3.6.5 ASPEC
3.6.6 Differential Perceptual Audio Coder
3.6.7 DFT Noise Substitution
3.6.8 DCT with Vector Quantization
3.6.9 MDCT
3.6.10 MDCT with VQ
3.7 Audio Subband Coders
3.7.1 Wavelet Decompositions
3.7.2 DWT-based Subband Coders
3.8 Speech Coder Attributes
3.9 CD Audio Coding for Multimedia Applications
3.10 Image Coding
3.11 Video Coding
3.11.1 TC and Subband Coding (SBC)
3.11.2 Predictive Coding
3.11.3 Motion-Compensated Video Coding
3.12 Watermarking
3.12.1 Watermarking Techniques
3.12.2 Main Features of Watermarking
3.12.3 Application Domains
3.13 Organization, Storage and Retrieval Issues
3.13.1 Streaming Issues for Speech and Audio
3.13.2 Streaming Issues for Video
3.14 Signal Processing for Networked Multimedia
3.15 NNs for Multimedia Processing
3.15.1 NNs for Optimal Visualization
3.15.2 Neural Techniques for Motion Estimation
3.15.3 NN Application to Face Detection and Recognition
3.15.4 Personal Authentication by Fusing Image and Speech
3.15.5 Subject-Based Retrieval for Image and Video Databases
3.15.6 Face-Based Video Indexing and Browsing
3.16 Multimedia Processors
3.16.1 Image-Processing Hardware and Software
3.16.2 Multimedia Processors' Classification
3.16.3 General Purpose Microprocessors
3.16.4 Microprocessors for Embedded Applications
3.17 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 4
Distributed Multimedia Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Main Features of a DMS
4.3 Resource Management of DMS
4.4 Networking
4.4.1 IP Networking
IP Multicast
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)
RTP
4.4.2 Integrated Management Architecture for IP-Based Networks
Performance Management
Fault Management
Configuration Management
Security Management
Accounting and Billing Management
4.4.3 ATM
4.4.4 Integration of IP and ATM
4.4.5 Real-Time Multimedia over ATM (RMOA)
4.5 Multimedia Operating Systems
CPU Management
Memory Management
I/0 Management
File System Management
4.6 Distributed Multimedia Servers
4.6.1 Multimedia Packing
4.7 Distributed Multimedia Applications
4.7.1 1TV
VoD
4.7.2 Telecooperation
Telecooperation Infrastructure
Telecooperative Applications
Telemedicine
4.7.3 Hypermedia Applications
Basic Features of a Hypermedia System
The Web
4.8 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 5
Multimedia Communication Standards
5.1 Introduction
5.2 MPEG Approach to Multimedia Standardization
5.3 MPEG-1 (Coding of Moving
Pictures and Associated Audio)
5.3.1 The Basic MPEG-1 Intefframe Coding Scheme
5.3.2 Conditional Replenishment
5.3.3 Specific Storage Media Functionalities
5.3.4 Rate Control
5.4 MPEG-2 (Generic Coding of
Moving Pictures and Associated Audio)
5.4.1 MPEG-2 Video
MPEG-2 Video--The Basics
MPEG-2 Video Syntax
MPEG-2 Video Scalability
MPEG-2 Video: Profiles and Levels
5.4.2 MPEG-2 Audio
5.4.3 MPEG-2 Systems
5.4.4 MPEG-2 DSM-CC
MPEG-4---Coding of Audiovisual Objects
5.5.1 Overview of MPEG4:
Motivations, Achievement, Process and Requirements
Media Objects
MPEG-4 Version 1
MPEG-4 Version 2
Extensions to MPEG-4 Beyond Version 2
Profiles in MPEG-4
Verification Testing: Checking MPEG's Performance
MPEG-4 Standardization Process
Requirements for MPEG-4
5.5.2 MPEG-4 Systems
MPEG-4 Systems Architecture
Elementary Stream Management (ESM)
Auxiliary Descriptors and Streams
Structuring Content by Grouping of Streams
Managing Content Complexity
Distributed Content-Handling Considerations
System Decoder Model (SDM) for ES Synchronization
MPEG-4 Systems BIFS
5.5.3 DMIF
DMIF Computational Model
5.5.4 MPEG-4 Video
Shape-Coding Tools for MPEG-4 Natural Video
Motion Estimation and Compensation
Texture-Coding Tools
Multifunctional Coding
Sprite Coding
Scalability
Error Resilience
Relationship Between Natural and Synthetic Video Coding
Synthetic Images
Integration of Face Animation with Natural Video
FAPs
Face Model
Coding of FAPs
FIT
Integration of Face Animation and Text-to-Speech (TI'S) Synthesis
BIFS for Facial Animation
2l) Mesh Coding
VO Tracking
2D-Mesh Object Encoder/Decoder
5.5.5 MPEG-4 Audio
MPEG4 Natural Audio Coding
General Audio Coding (Advanced Audio Coding Based)
Twin VQ
Speech Coding in MPEG-4 Audio
Scalability in MPEG-4 Natural Audio
Synthetic Audio in MPEG-4
Audio BIFS
5.5.6 Profiles and Levels in MPEG-4
Visual Object Types
Visual Profiles
Audio Object Types
Audio Profiles
Graphics
Systems Profiles
5.6 MPEG-4 Visual Texture Coding (VTC)
and JPEG 2000 Image Compression Standards
5.6.1 JPEG 2000 Development Process
5.6.2 Overview of Still-Image Coding Standards
MPEG-4 VTC
JPEG
PNG
5.6.3 Significant Features of JPEG 2000
Region of Interest (ROI) Coding
Scalability
Error Resilience
IPRs
5.6.4 Architecture of JPEG 2000
5.6.5 JPEG 2000 Bit Stream
5.6.6 Compression Efficiency Comparisons
Error Resilience
5.7 MPEG-7 Standardization Process
of Multimedia Content Description
5.7.1 Objective of the MPEG-7 Standard
5.7.2 Status of the MPEG-7 Standard
5.7.3 Major Functionalities in MPEG-7
MPEG-7 Systems
MPEG- 7 DDL
MPEG- 7 Audio
MPEG- 7 Visual
MPEG- 7 MMDSs
MPEG-7 Reference Software (XM)
MPEG- 7 Conformance
5.7.4 Applications Enabled by MPEG-7
5.8 MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework
5.8.1 Audiovisual Content Representation Issues
5.8.2 Description of a Multimedia Framework Architecture
MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration
Content Representation
Digital Item Identification and Description
Content Management and Usage
Intellectual Property Management and Protection
Terminals and Networks
Event Reporting
5.8.3 Requirements for Digital Item Declaration
5.9 ITU-T Standardization of
Audiovisual Communication Systems
5.9.1 ITU-T Standardization Process
5.9.2 Audiovisual Systems
(H.310, H.320, H.321, H.322, H.323, and H.324)
H.320 Standard
Standards for Audiovisual Services Across ATM H.310 and H. 321
Standard H. 322--Guaranteed QoS LAN Systems
ITU-T H. 323 Standard
H.324 Standard
5.9.3 Video-Coding Standards (H.261, H.263 and H.26L)
H.261 Standard
H. 263 Standard
H. 263+ (H. 263 Version 2) Standard
H. 263+ + Standard Development
H. 26L Standard
5.9.4 ITU-T Speech-Coding Standards
Bit Rate
Delay
Complexity
Quality
5.9.5 Multimedia Multiplex and Synchronization Standards
ITU- T Recommendation H. 221
ITU-T Recommendation H. 223
ITU-T Recommendation H. 225
Common Control Protocol H. 245
5.10 IETF and Intemet Standards
5.10.1 IETF Standardization Process
5.10.2 Internet Network Architecture
5.10.3 Internet Protocols
Classical IP Stack
IP Version 6
Priority Field
Flow Label
IPv6 Addresses
Hop-by-Hop Options Header
Fragment Header
Routing Header
lPv6 Security
5.10.4 Real-Time Multimedia Transmission Across the Internet
Signaling
Session Control
Transport
Network Infrastructure
Multimedia Data for Network Use
5.10.5 MPEG-4 Video Transport Across the Internet
Use of RTP
System Architecture
MPEG-4 Server
MPEG-4 Client
5.11 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 6
Multimedia Communications Across Networks
6.1 Packet Audio/Video in the Network Environment
6.1.1 Packet Voice
6.1.2 Integrated Packet Networks
6.1.3 Packet Video
6.2 Video Transport Across Generic Networks
6.2.1 Layered Video Ceding
Layered Compression
Layered Transmission
6.2.2 Error-Resilient Video Coding Techniques
Error-Resilient Encoding
Decoder Error Concealment
Error-Resilient Entropy Code
6.2.3 Scalable Rate Control
Rate Control Techniques
Theoretical Foundation of the SRC
6.2.4 Streaming Video Across the Internet
Video Compression
Requirements Imposed by Streaming Applications
Application Layer QoS Control
Continuous Media Distribution Services
Streaming Servers
Media Synchronization
Protocols for Streaming Video
6.3 Multimedia Transport Across ATM Networks
6.3.1 Multiplexing in ATM Networks
6.3.2 Video Delay in ATM Networks
6.3.3 Errors and Losses in ATM
6.3.4 MPEG Video Error Concealment
6.3.5 Loss Concealment
6.3.6 Video Across WATM Networks
6.3.7 Heterogeneous Networking
6.4 Multimedia Across IP Networks
6.4.1 Video Transmission Across IP Networks
6.4.2 Traffic Specification for
MPEG Video Transmission on the Internet
6.4.3 Bandwidth Allocation Mechanism
6.4.4 Fine-Grained Scalable
Video Coding for Multimedia Across IP
6.5 Multimedia Across DSLs
6.5.1 VoDSL Architecture
6.5.2 Delivering Voice Services Across DSL
6.5.3 Multimedia Across ADSL
Serial Transmission: TDM
Parallel Transmission Frequency Division Mulnplexing
6.6 Internet Access Networks
6.6.1 DSL Networks
6.6.2 Cable Access Networks
6.6.3 Fixed Wireless Routed for Intemet Access
6.7 Multimedia Across Wireless
6.7.1 Wireless Broadband
Communication System (WBCS) for Multimedia
6.7.2 Audiovisual Solutions for Wireless Communications
6.7.3 Mobile Networks
Speech Transmission in GSM
Video Across GSM
Mobile ATM
Mobile IP
Wireless Multimedia Delivery
SIP in Mobile Environment
Multicast Routing in Cellular Networks
Broadband Wireless Mobile
6.7.4 Broadcasting Networks
Digital Video Broadcasting ( DVB )
Data Transmission Using MPEG-2 and DVB
MPEG Program Stream
MPEG Transport Stream
Broadband Multimedia Satellite Systems
Multimedia Home Platform
Multimedia Car Platform
6.8 Digital Television Infrastructure
for Interactive Multimedia Services
Interactive Broadcast Data (IDB) Services
Data Carousel Concept
6.9 Concluding Remarks
References
Index
About the Authors
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