Preface to the Fifth Edition ix
To the Student Especially xiii
1 Sets, Sequences, and Functions
1.1 Some Warm-up Questions 1
1.2 Factors and Multiples 7
Office Hours 15
1.3 Some Special Sets 16
1.4 Set Operations 22
1.5 Functions 28
1.6 Sequences 34
1.7 Properties of Functions 39
Office Hours 46
Supplementary Exercises 48
2 Elementary Logic 50
2.1 Informal Introduction 50
2.2 Propositional Calculus 58
2.3 Getting Started with Proofs 66
2.4 Methods of Proof 71
Office Hours 76
2.5 Logic in Proofs 77
2.6 Analysis of Arguments 86
Supplementary Exercises 94
3 Relations 95
3.1 Relations 95
3.2 Digraphs and Graphs 100
3.3 Matrices 106
3.4 Equivalence Relations and Partitions 112
3.5 The Division Algorithm and Integers Mod p 119
Supplementary Exercises 127
4 Induction and Recursion 128
4.1 Loop Invariants 128
4.2 Mathematical Induction 137
Office Hours 144
4.3 Big-Oh Notation 145
4.4 Recursive Definitions 153
4.5 Recurrence Relations 160
4.6 More Induction 167
4.7 The Euclidean Algorithm 171
Supplementary Exercises 179
5 Counting 181
5.l Basic Counting Techniques 181
5.2 Elementary Probability 189
5.3 Inclusion-Exclusion and Binomial Methods 197
5.4 Counting and Partitions 204
Office Hours 212
5.5 Pigeon-Hole Principle 213
Supplementary Exercises 220
6 Introduction to Graphs and Trees
6.1 Graphs 225
6.2 Edge Traversal Problems 232
6.3 Trees 239
6.4 Rooted Trees 244
6.5 Vertex Traversal Problems 251
6.6 Minimum Spanning Trees 257
Supplementary Exercises 266
7 Recursion, Trees, and Algorithms
7.1 General Recursion 269
7.2 Recursive Algorithms 277
7.3 Depth-First Search Algorithms 286
7.4 Polish Notation 298
7.5 Weighted Trees 304
Supplementary Exercises 315
8 Digraphs 318
8.1 Digraphs Revisited 318
8.2 Weighted Digraphs and Scheduling Networks 325
Office Hours 333
8.3 Digraph Algorithms 333
Supplementary Exercises 347
9 Discrete Probability 349
9.1 Independence in Probability 349
9.2 Random Variables 359
9.3 Expectation and Standard Deviation 366
9.4 Probability Distributions 374
Supplementary Exercises 387
10 Boolean Algebra 389
10.1 Boolean Algebras 389
10.2 Boolean Expressions 398
10.3 Logic Networks 405
10.4 KamaughMaps 412
10.5 Isomorphisms of Boolean Algebras 417
Supplementary Exercises 422
11 More on Relations 424
11.1 Partially Ordered Sets 424
11.2 Special Orderings 433
11.3 Multiplication of Matrices 439
11.4 Properties of General Relations 446
11.5 Closures of Relations 452
Supplementary Exercises 459
12 Algebraic Structures 462
12.1 Groups Acting on Sets 462
12.2 Fixed Points and Subgroups 470
12.3 Counting Orbits 476
12.4 Group Homomorphisms 487
12.5 Semigroups 495
12.6 Other Algebraic Systems 501
Supplementary Exercises 512
13 Predicate Calculus and Infinite Sets
13.1 Quantifiers and Predicates 515
13.2 Elementary Predicate Calculus 522
13.3 Infinite Sets 527
Supplementary Exercises 534
Dictionary 536
Answers and Hints 538
Index 607