Preface
Language Design Issues
1.1 Why Study Programming Languages?
1.2 A Short History of Programming Languages
1.2.1 Development of Early Languages
1.2.2 Evolution of Software Architectures
1.2.3 Application Domains
1.3 Role of Programming Languages
1.3.1 What Makes a Good Language?
1.3.2 Language Paradigms
1.3.3 Language Standardization
1.3.4 Internationalization
1.4 Programming Environments
1.4.1 Effects on Language Design
1.4.2 Environment Frameworks
1.4.3 Job Control and Process Languages
1.5 C Overview
1.6 Suggestions for Further Reading
1.7 Problems
2 Impact of Machine Architectures
2.1 The Operation of a Computer
2.1.1 Computer Hardware
2.1.2 Firmware Computers
2.1.3 Translators and Virtual Architectures
2.2 Virtual Computers and Binding Times
2.2.1 Virtual Computers and Language Implementations
2.2.2 Hierarchies of Virtual Machines
2.2.3 Binding and Binding Time
2.2.4 Java Overview
2.3 Suggestions for Further Reading
2.4 Problems
3 Language Translation Issues
3.1 Programming Language Syntax
3.1.1 General Syntactic Criteria
3.1.2 Syntactic Elements of a Language
3.1.3 Overall Program-Subprogram Structure
3.2 Stages in Translation
3.2.1 Analysis of the Source Program
3.2.2 Synthesis of the Object Program
3.3 Formal Translation Models
3.3.1 BNF Grammars
3.3.2 Finite-State Automata
3.3.3 Perl Overview
3.3.4 Pushdown Automata
3.3.5 General Parsing Algorithms
3.4 Recursive Descent Parsing
3.5 Pascal Overview
3.6 Suggestions for Further Reading
3.7 Problems
4 Modeling Language Properties
4.1 Formal Properties of Languages
4.1.1 Chomsky Hierarchy
4.1.2 Undecidability
4.1.3 Algorithm Complexity
4.2 Language Semantics
4.2.1 Attribute Grammars
4.2.2 Denotational Semantics
4.2.3 ML Overview
4.2.4 Program Verification
4.2.5 Algebraic Data Types
4.3 Suggestions for Further Reading
4.4 Problems
Elementary Data Types
5.1 Properties of Types and Objects
5.1.1 Data Objects, Variables, and Constants
5.1.2 Data Types
5.1.3 Declarations
5.1.4 Type Checking and Type Conversion
5.1.5 Assignment and Initialization
5.2 Scalar Data Types
5.2.1 Numeric Data Types
5.2.2 Enumerations
5.2.3 Booleans
5.2.4 Characters
5.3 Composite Data Types
5.3.1 Character Strings
5.3.2 Pointers and Programmer-Constructed Data Objects
5.3.3 Files and Input-Output
5.4 FORTRAN Overview
5.5 Suggestions for Further Reading
5.6 Problems
Encapsulation
6.1 Structured Data Types
6.1.1 Structured Data Objects and Data Types
6.1.2 Specification of Data Structure Types
6.1.3 Implementation of Data Structure Types
6.1.4 Declarations and Type Checking for Data Structures
6.1.5 Vectors and Arrays
6.1.6 Records
6.1.7 Lists
6.1.8 Sets
6.1.9 Executable Data Objects
6.2 Abstract Data Types
6.2.1 Evolution of the Data Type Concept
6.2.2 Information Hiding
6.3 Encapsulation by Subprograms
6.3.1 Subprograms as Abstract Operations
6.3.2 Subprogram Definition and Invocation
6.3.3 Subprogram Definitions as Data Objects
6.4 Type Definitions
6.4.1 Type Equivalence
6.4.2 Type Definitions with Parameters
6.5 C++ Overview
6.6 Suggestions for Further Reading
6.7 Problems
Inheritance
7.1 Abstract Data Types Revisited
7.2 Inheritance
7.2.1 Derived Classes
7.2.2 Methods
7.2.3 Abstract Classes
7.2.4 Smalltalk Overview
7.2.5 Objects and Messages
7.2.6 Abstraction Concepts
7.3 Polymorphism
7.4 Suggestions for Further Reading
7.5 Problems
Sequence Control
8.1 Implicit and Explicit Sequence Control
8.2 Sequencing with Arithmetic Expressions
8.2.1 Tree-Structure Representation
8.2.2 Execution-Time Representation
8.3 Sequence Control Between Statements
8.3.1 Basic Statements
8.3.2 Structured Sequence Control
8.3.3 Prime Programs
8.4 Sequencing with Nonarithmetic Expressions
8.4.1 Prolog Overview
8.4.2 Pattern Matching
8.4.3 Unification
8.4.4 Backtracking
8.4.5 Resolution
8.5 Suggestions for Further Reading
8.6 Problems
9 Subprogram Control
9.1 Subprogram Sequence Control
9.1.1 Simple Call-Return Subprograms
9.1.2 Recursive Subprograms
9.1.3 The Pascal Forward Declaration
9.2 Attributes of Data Control
9.2.1 Names and Referencing Environments
9.2.2 Static and Dynamic Scope
9.2.3 Block Structure
9.2.4 Local Data and Local Referencing Environments
9.3 Parameter Transmission
9.3.1 Actual and Formal Parameters
9.3.2 Methods for Transmitting Parameters
9.3.3 Transmission Semantics
9.3.4 Implementation of Parameter Transmission
9.4 Explicit Common Environments
9.4.1 Dynamic Scope
9.4.2 Static Scope and Block Structure
9.5 Suggestions for Further Reading
9.6 Problems
10 Storage Management
10.1 Elements Requiring Storage
10.2 Programmer- and System-Controlled Storage
10.3 Static Storage Management
10.4 Heap Storage Management
10.4.1 LISP Overview
10.4.2 Fixed-Size Elements
10.4.3 Variable-Size Elements
10.5 Suggestions for Further Reading
10.6 Problems
11 Distributed Processing
11.1 Variations on Subprogram Control
11.1.1 Exceptions and Exception Handlers
11.1.2 Coroutines
11.1.3 Scheduled Subprograms
11.2 Parallel Programming
11.2.1 Concurrent Execution
11.2.2 Guarded Commands
11.2.3 Ada Overview
11.2.4 Tasks
11.2.5 Synchronization of Tasks
11.3 Hardware Developments
11.3.1 Processor Design
11.3.2 System Design
11.4 Software Architecture
11.4.1 Persistent Data and Transaction Systems
11.4.2 Networks and Client-Server Computing
11.5 Suggestions for Further Reading
11.6 Problems
12 Network Programming
12.1 Desktop Publishing
12.1.1 LATEX Document Preparation
12.1.2 WYSIWYG Editors
12.1.3 Postscript
12.1.4 Postscript Virtual Machine
12.2 The World Wide Web
12.2.1 The Internet
12.2.2 CGI Scripts
12.2.3 Java Applets
12.2.4 XML
12.3 Suggestions for Further Reading
12.4 Problems
A Language Summaries
A.1 Ada
A.I.1 Data Objects
A.l.2 Sequence Control
A.2 C
A.2.1 Data Objects
A.2.2 Sequence Control
A.3 C++
A.3.1 Data Objects
A.3.2 Sequence Control
A.4 FORTRAN
A.4.1 Data Objects
A.4.2 Sequence Control
A.5 Java
A.5.1 Data Objects
A.5.2 Sequence Control
A.6 LISP
A.6.1 Data Objects
A.6.2 Sequence Control
A.7 ML
A.7.1 Data Objects
A.7.2 Sequence Control
A.8 Pascal
A.8.1 Data Objects
A.8.2 Sequence Control
A.9 Peri
A.9.1 Data Objects
A.9.2 Sequence Control
A.10 Postscript
A.10.1 Data Objects
A.10.2 Painting Commands
A.11 Prolog
A.11.1 Data Objects
A.11.2 Sequence Control
A.12 Smalltalk
A.12.1 Data Objects
A.12.2 Sequence Control
A.13 Suggestions for Further Reading
References
Index
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