PART 1 THe CONTEMPORARY INTERNET 1
Chapter 1 Evolution of the-Internet 3
Origins of the Internet 3
The Internet Today 6
NSFNEI Solicitations 7
Network Access Points 8
Route Arbiter Proiect 13
The very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) 17
Moving the Regional Providers 19
NSF Solicits NIS Managers 20
Other Internet B.egistries 29
Internetworking Routing Registries (IH.R) 30
Looking Ahead 3l
Frequently Asked Questions 33
References 34
Chapter 2 ISP Services and Charaderistics 37
ISP Services 38
ISP Pricing and Technical Characteristics 39
Looking Ahead 48
Frequently Asked Questioas 49
Chapter 3 Handling IP Address Depletion 59
Overview of IPv4 Addressing 54
Basic Addressing 54
IP Address Space Depletion 60
Looking Ahead 82
Frequently Asked Questions 83
References 85 .
PART 2 RouTINe PROTOCOL BASICS 87
Chapter 4 Interdomain Routing Basics 89
Overview of Routers and Routing 89
Segregating the World into Administrations 95
Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 IOI
UPDATE Message and Routing Information ll3
Looking Ahead 119
Frequently Asked Questions 120
References 122
Chapter 5 Tuning BGP Capabilities 125
Building Peer Sessions 125
Sources of Routing Updates 132
Overlapping Protocols: Backdoors 140
The Routing Process Simplified 141
Controlling BGP Routes 147
Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation 169
BGP4 Aggregation 180
Looking Ahead 186
Frequently Asked Questions 187
References 190
PART 3 EFFECTIVE INTERNET ROUTING DESIGNS 191
Chapter 6 Redundancy, Symmetry. and Load Balancing 193
Redundancy 194
Symmetry 201
Load Balancing 201
Specific Scenarios: Designing Redundancy, Symmetry, and
Load Balancing 203
Looking Ahead 228
Frequently Asked Questions 229
Chapter 7 Controlling Routing
Inside the Autonomous System 233
Interaction of Non-BGP Routers with BGP Routers 233
BGP Policies Confiicting with Internal Defaults 236
Policy Routing 244
Looking Ahead 248
Freqoently Asked Questions 249
Chapter 8 Controlling Large-Scale Autonomous Systems 253
Route Refiectors 253
Confederations 263
Controlling IGP Expansion 267
Virtual Private Networks with Route Refiectors 275
Looking Ahead 277
Frequently Asked Questions 279
References 280
Chapter 9 Designing Stable Internets 283
Route Instabilities on the Internet 283
BGP Stability Features 288
Looking Ahead 294
Frequently Asked Questions 295
PART 4 INTERNET RouTINe Devlce CONFIGURATION 297
Chapter 10 Configuring Basie BGP Fundions and AHributes 299
Building Peering Sessions 300
Route Filtering and AHribute Manipulation 306
Peer Groups 312
Sources of Routing Updates 315
Overlapping Protocols: (Backdoors) 324
BGP Anribates 326
BGP4 Aggregation 342
Looking Ahead 365
Chaptet 11 Configuring Enedive Internet Routing Policies 367
Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing 367
Following Defaults Inside an AS 399
Policy Routing 418
Ronte Reflectors 422
Confederations 426
Controlling Route and Cache Invalidation 433
Route Dampening 437
Looking Ahead 442
Appendix A RIPE-181 443
BIPE Obiects 443
Setting Policies in the AS Obiect 449
Finding Information in the Database 460
Index