1 DeepSubmicron Digital IC Design
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Brief History of IC Industry
1.3 Review of Digital Logic Gate Design
1.3.1 Basic Logic Functions
1.3.2 Implementation of Logic Circuits
1.3.3 Definition of Noise Margin
1.3.4 Definition of Transient Characteristics
1.3.5 Power Estimation
1.4 Digital Integrated Circuit Design
1.4.1 MOS Transistor Structure and Operation
1.4.2 CMOS Versus NMOS
1.4.3 Deep Submicron Interconnect
1.5 Computer-Aided Design of Digital Circuits
1.5.1 Circuit Simulation and Analysis
*1.6 The ChallengesAhead
1.7 Summary
2 MOS Transistors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Structure and Operation of the MOS Transistor
2.3 Threshold Voltage of the MOS Transistor
2.4 First-Order Current-Voltage Characteristics
2.5 Derivation of Velocity-Saturated Current Equations
2.5.1 Effect of High Fields
2.5.2 Current Equations for Velocity-Saturated Devices
*2.6 Alpha-Power Law Model
2.7 Subthreshold Conduction
2.8 Capacitances of the MOS Transistor
2.8.1 Thin-Oxide Capacitance
2.8.2 pn Junction Capacitance
2.8.3 Overlap Capacitance
2.9 Summary
Fabrication, Layout, and Simulation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 IC Fabrication Technology
3.2.1 Overview of IC Fabrication Process
3.2.2 IC Photolithographic Process
3.2.3 Making Transistors
3.2.4 Making Wires
3.2.5 Wire Capacitance and Resistance
3.3 Layout Basics
3.4 Modeling the MOS Transistor for Circuit Simulation
3.4.1 MOS Models in SPICE
3.4.2 Specifying MOS Transistors
3.5 SPICE MOS LEVEL i Device Model
3.5.1 Extraction of Parameters for MOS LEVEL 1
*3.6 BSIM3 Model
3.6.1 Binning Process in BSIM3
3.6.2 Short-Channel Threshold Voltage
3.6.3 Mobility Model
3.6.4 Linear and Saturation Regions
3.6.5 Subthreshold Current
3.6.6 Capacitance Models
3.6.7 Source/Drain Resistance
*3.7 Additional Effects in MOS Transistors
3.7.1 Para'meter Variations in Production
3.7.2 Temperature Effects
3.7.3 Supply Variations
3.7.4 Voltage Limitations
3.7.5 CMOS Latch-up
*3.8 Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Technology
*3.9 SPICE Model Summary
MOS Inverter Circuits
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Voltage Transfer Characteristics
4.3 Noise Margin Definitions
4.3.1 Single-Source Noise Margin (SSNM)
4.3.2 Multiple-Source Noise Margin (MSNM)
4.4 Resistive-Load Inverter Design
4.5 NMOS Transistors as Load Devices
4.5.1 Saturated Enhancement Load
4.5.2 Linear Enhancement Load
4.6 Complementary MOS (CMOS) Inverters
4.6.1 DC Analysis of CMOS Inverter
4.6.2 Layout Design of CMOS Inverter
4.7 Pseudo-NMos Inverters
4.8 Sizing Inverters
4.9 Tristate Inverters
4.10 Summary
5 Static MOS Gate Circuits
5.1 Introduction
5.2 CMOS Gate Circuits
5.2.1 Basic CMOS Gate Sizing
5.2.2 Fanin and Fanout Considerations
5.2.3 Voltage Transfer Characteristics (VTC)
of CMOS Gates
5.3 Complex CMOS Gates
5.4 XOR and XNOR Gates
5.5 Multiplexer Circuits
5.6 Flip-Flops and Latches
5.6.1 Basic Bistable Circuit
5.6.2 SR Latch
5.6.3 JK Flip-Flop
5.6.4 JK Master-Slave Flip-Flop
5.6.5 JK Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop
5.7 D Flip-Flops and Latches
5.8 Power Dissipationin CMOS Gates
5.8.1 Dynamic (Switching) Power
5.8.2 Static (Standby) Power
5.8.3 Complete Power Equation
5.9 Power and Delay Tradeoffs
5.10 Summary
6 High-Speed CMOS Logic Design
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Switching Time Analysis
6.2.1 Gate Sizing Revisited--Velocity Saturation Effects
6.3 Detailed Load Capacitance Calculation
6.3.1 Fanout Gate Capacitance
6.3.2 Self-Capacitance Calculation
6.3.3 Wire Capacitance
6.4 Improving Delay Calculation with Input Slope
6.5 Gate Sizing for Optimal Path Delay
6.5.1 Optimal Delay Problem
6.5.2 Inverter Chain Delay Optimization--FO4 Delay
6.5.3 Optimizing Paths with NANDs and NORs
6.6 Optimizing Paths with Logical Effort
6.6.1 Derivation of Logical Effort
6.6.2 Understanding Logical Effort
6.6.3 Branching Effort and Sideloads
6.7 Summary
Transfer Gate and Dynamic Logic Design
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Concepts
7.2.1 Pass Transistors
7.2.2 Capacitive Feedthrough
7.2.3 Charge Sharing
7.2.4 Other Sources of Charge Loss
7.3 CMOS Transmission Gate Logic
7.3.1 Multiplexers Using CMOS Transfer Gates
7.3.2 CMOS Transmission Gate Delays
7.3.3 Logical Effort with CMOS Transmission Gates
7.4 Dynamic D-Latches and D Flip-Flops
7.5 Domino Logic
7.5.1 Logical Effort for Domino Gates
7.5.2 Limitations of Domino Logic
7.5.3 Dual-Rail (Differential) Domino Logic
7.5.4 Self-Resetting Circuits
7.6 Summary
8 Semiconductor Memory Design
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Memory Organization
8.1.2 Types of Memory
8,1.3 Memory Timing Parameters
8.2 MOS Decoders
8.3 Static RAM Cell Design
8.3.1 Static Memory Operation
8.3.2 Read Operation
8.3.3 Write Operation
8.3.4 SRAM Cell Layout
8.4 SRAM Column I/O Circuitry
8.4.1 Column Pull-Ups
8.4.2 Column Selection
8.4.3 Write Circuitry
8.4.4 Read Circuitry
8.5 Memory Architecture
8.6 Summary
9 AdditionaITopics in Memory Design
9.1 Introduction
*9.2 Content-Addressable Memories (CAMs)
*9.3 Field-Programmable Gate Array
9.4 Dynamic Read-Write Memories
9.4.1 Three-Transistor Dynamic Cell
9.4.2 One-Transistor Dynamic Cell
9.4.3 External Characteristics of Dynamic RAMs
9.5 Read-Only Memories
9.5.1 MOS ROM Cell Arrays
9.6 EPROMs and E2pROMs
*9.7 Flash Memory
*9.8 FRAMs
9.9 Summary'
10 Interconnect Design
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Interconnect RC Delays
10.2.1 Wire Resistance
10.2.2 Elmore Delay Calculation
10.2.3 RC Delay in Long Wires
10.3 Buffer Insertion for Very Long Wires
10.4 Interconnect Coupling Capacitance
10.4.1 Components of Coupling Capacitance
10.4.2 Coupling Effects on Delay
10.4.3 Capacitive Noise or Crosstalk
*10.5 Interconnect Inductance
* 10.6 Antenna Effects
10.7 Summary
11 Power Grid and Clock Design
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Power Distribution Design
11.2.1 IR Drop and Ldi/ dt
11.2.2 Electromigration
11.2.3 Power Routing Considerations
11.2.4 Decoupling Capacitance Design
11.2.5 Power Distribution Design Example
11.3 Clocking and Timing Issues
11.3.1 Clock Definitions and Metrics
11.3.2 Clock Skew
11.3.3 Effect of Noise on Clocks and FFs
11.3.4 Power Dissipation in Clocks
11.3.5 Clock Generation
11.3.6 Clock Distribution for High-Performance Designs
11.3.7 Example of a Clock Distribution Network
11.4 Phase-Locked Loops/Delay-Locked Loops
11.4.1 PLL Design Considerations
l1.4.2 Clock Distribution Summary
Index
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