PART 1 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND BASIC APPLICATIONS
Chapter 1
Semiconductor Materials and Diodes
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1.1 Semiconductor Materials and Properties
1.1.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors
1.1.2 Extrinsic Semiconductors
1.1.3 Drift and Diffusion Currents
1.1.4 Excess Carriers
1.2 The pn Junction
1.2.1 The Equilibrium pn Junction
1.2.2 Reverse-Biased pn Junction
1.2.3 Forward-Biased pn Junction
1.2.4 Ideal Current-Voltage Relationship
1.2.5 pn Junction Diode
1.3 Diode Circuits:DC Analysis and Models
1.3.1 Iteration and Graphical Analysis Techniques
1.3.2 Piecewise Linear Model
1.3.3 Computer Simulation and Analysis
1.3.4 Summary of Diode Models
1.4 Diode Circuits:AC Equivalent Circuit
1.4.1 Sinusoidal Analysis
1.4.2 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit
1.5 Other Diode Types
1.5.1 Solar Cell
1.5.2 Photodiode
1.5.3 Light-Emitting Diode
1.5.4 Schottky Barrier Diode
1.5.5 Zener Diode
1.6 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 2
Diode Circuits
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2.1 Rectifier Circuits
2.1.1 Half-Wave Rectification
Problem-Solving Technique:Diode Circuits
2.1.2 Full-Wave Rectification
2.1.3 Filters,Ripple Voltage,and Diode Current
2.1.4 Voltage Doubler Circuit
2.2 Zener Diode Circuits
2.2.1 Ideal Voltage Reference Circuit
2.2.2 Zener Resistance and Rercent Regulation
2.3 Clipper and Clamper Circuits
2.3.1 Clippers
2.3.2 Clampers
2.4 Multiple-Diode Circuits
2.4.1 Example Diode Circuits
Problem-Solving Technique:Multiple Diode Circuits
2.4.2 Diode Logic Circuits
2.5 Photodiode and LED Circuits
2.5.1 Photodiode Circuit
2.5.2 LED Circuit
2.6 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 3
The Bipolar Junction Transistor
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3.1 Basic Bipolar Junction Transistor
3.1.1 Transistor Structures
3.1.2 npn Transistor:Forward-Active Mode Operation
3.1.3 pnp Transistor:Forward-Active Mode Operation
3.1.4 Circuit Symbols and Conventions
3.1.5 Current-Voltage Characteristics
3.1.6 Nonideal Transistor Leakage Currents and Breakdown
Voltage
3.2 DC Analysis of Transistor Circuits
3.2.1 Common-Emitter Circuit
3.2.2 Load Line and Modes of Operation
Problem-Solving Technique:Bipolar DC Analysis
3.2.3 Common Bipolar Circuits:DC Analysis
3.3 Basic Transistor Applications
3.3.1 Switch
3.3.2 Digital Logic
3.3.3 Amplifier
3.4 Bipolar Transistor Biasing
3.4.1 Single Base Resistor Biasing
3.4.2 Voltage Divider Biasing and Bias Stability
3.4.3 Integrated Circuit Biasing
3.5 Multistage Circuits
3.6 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 4
Basic BJT Amplifiers
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4.1 Analog Signals and Linear Amplifiers
4.2 The Bipolar Linear Amplifier
4.2.1 Graphical Analysis and AC Equivalent Circuit
4.2.2 Small-Signal Hybrid-π Equivalent Circuit of the Bipolar Transistor
Problem-Sovlving Technique:Bipolar AC Analysis
4.2.3 Hybrid-π Equivalent Circuit,Including the Early Effect
4.2.4 Expanded Hybrid-π Equivalent Circuit
4.2.5 Other Small-Signal Parameters and Equivalent Circuits
4.3 Basic Transistor Amplifier Configurations
4.4 Common-Emitter Amplifiers
4.4.1 Basic Common-Emitter Amplifier Circuit
4.4.2 Circuit with Emitter Resistor
4.4.3 Circuit with Emitter-Bypass Capacitor
4.4.4 Advanced Common-Emitter Amplifier Concepts
4.5 AC Load Line Analysis
4.5.1 AC Load Line
4.5.2 Maximum Symmetrical Swing
Problem-Solving Technique:Maximum Symmetrical Swing
4.6 Common-Collector(Emitter-Follower)Amplifier
4.6.1 Small-Signal Voltage Gain
4.6.2 Input and Output Impedance
4.6.3 Small-Signal Current Gain
4.7 Common-Base Amplifier
4.7.1 Small-Signal Voltage and Current Gains
4.7.2 Input and Output Impedance
4.8 The Three Basic Amplifiers:Summary and Comparison
4.9 Multistage Amplifiers
4.9.1 Multistage Analysis:Cascade Configuration
4.9.2 Cascode Configuration
4.10 Power Considerations
4.11 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 5
The Field-Effect Transistor
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5.1 MOS Field-Effect Transistor
5.1.1 Two-Terminal MOS Structure
5.1.2 n-Channel Enhancement-Mode MOSFET
5.1.3 Ideal MOSFET Current-Voltage Characteristics
5.1.4 Circuit Symbols and Conventions
5.1.5 Additional MOSFET Structures and Circuit Symbols
5.1.6 Summary of Transistor Operation
5.1.7 Nonideal Current-Voltage Characteristics
5.2 MOSFET DC Circuit Analysis
5.2.1 Common-source Circuit
5.2.2 Load Line and modes of Operation
Problem-Solving Technique:MOSFET DC Analysis
5.2.3 Common MOSFET Configurations:DC Analysis
5.2.4 Constant-Current Source Biasing
5.3 Basic MOSFET Applications:Switch,Digital Logic Gate,and Amplifier
5.3.1 NMOS Inverter
5.3.2 Digital Logic Gate
5.3.3 MOSFET Small-Signal Amplifier
5.4 Junction Field-Effect Transistor
5.4.1 pn JFET and MESFET Operation
5.4.2 Current-Voltage Characteristics
5.4.3 Common JFET Configurations:DC Analysis
5.5 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 6
Basic FET Amplifiers
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6.1 The MOSFET Amplifier
6.1.1 Graphical Analysis,Load Lines,and Small-Signal arameters
6.1.2 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit
Problem-Solving Technique:MOSFET AC Analysis
6.1.3 Modeling the Body Effect
6.2 Basic Transistor Amplifier Configurations
6.3 The Common-Source Amplifier
6.3.1 A Basic Common Source Configuration
6.3.2 Common Source Amplifier with Source Resistor
6.3.3 Common Source Circuit with Source Bypass Capacitor
6.4 The Source-Follower Amplifier
6.4.1 Small-Signal Voltage Gain
6.4.2 Input and Output Impedance
6.5 The Common-Gate Configuration
6.5.1 Small-Signal Voltage and Current Gains
6.5.2 Input and Output Impedance
6.6 The Three Basic Amplifier configurations:Summary and Comparison
6.7 Single-Stage Integrated Circuit MOSFET Amplifiers
6.7.1 NMOS Amplifier with Enhancement Load
6.7.2 NMOS Amplifier with Depletion Load
6.7.3 NMOS Amplifier with PMOS Load
6.8 Multistage Amplifiers
6.8.1 DC Analysis
6.8.2 Small-Signal Analysis
6.9 Basic JFET Amplifiers
6.9.1 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit
6.9.2 Small-Signal Analysis
6.10 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 7
Frequency Response
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7.1 Amplifier Frequency Response
7.1.1 Equivalent Circuits
7.1.2 Frequency Response Analysis
7.2 System Transfer Functions
7.2.1 s-Domain Analysis
7.2.2 First-Order Functions
7.2.3 Bode Plots
7.2.4 Short-Circuit and Open-Circuit Time Constants
7.3 Frequency Response:Transistor Amplifiers with Circuit capacitors
7.3.1 Coupling Capacitor Effects
Problem-Solving Technique:Bode Plot of Gain Magnitude
7.3.2 Load Capacitor Effects
7.3.3 Coupling and Load Capacitors
7.3.4 Bypass capacitor Effects
7.3.5 Combined Effects:Coupling and Bypass Capacitors
7.4 Frequency Response:Bipolar Transistor
7.4.1 Expanded Hybrid-π Equivalent Circuit
7.4.2 Short-Circuit Current Gain
7.4.3 Cutoff Frequency
7.4.4 Miller Effect and Miller Capacitance
7.5 Frequency Response:The FET
7.5.1 High-Frequency Equivalent Circuit
7.5.2 Unity-Gain Bandwidth
7.5.3 Miller Effect and Miller Capacitance
7.6 High-Frequency Response of Transistor Circuits
7.6.1 Common-Emitter and Common-Source Circuits
7.6.2 Common-Base,Common-Gate,and Cascode Circuits
7.6.3 Emitter-and Source-Follower Circuits
7.6.4 High-Frequency Amplifier Design
7.7 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 8
Output Stages and Power Amplifiers
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8.1 Power Amplifiers
8.2 Power Transistors
8.2.1 Power BJTs
8.2.2 Power MOSFETs
8.2.3 Heat Sinks
8.3 Classes of Amplifiers
8.3.1 Class-A Operation
8.3.2 Class-B Operation
8.3.3 Class-AB Operation
8.3.4 Class-C Operation
8.4 Class-A Power Amplifiers
8.4.1 Inductively coupled Amplifier
8.4.2 Transformer-Coupled Common-Emitter Amplifier
8.4.3 Transformer-coupled Emitter-Follower Amplifier
8.5 Class-AB Push-Pull Complementary Output Stages
8.5.1 Class-AB Output Stage with Diode Biasing
8.5.2 Class-AB Biasing Using the VBE Multiplier
8.5.3 Class-AB Output Stage with ImputBuffer Transistors
8.5.4 Class-AB Output Stage Utilizing the darlington
8.6 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
PART 2 ANALOG ELECTRONICS
Chapter 9
The Ideal Operational Amplifier
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9.1 The Operational Amplifier
9.1.1 Ideal Parameters
9.1.2 Development of the Ideal Parameters
9.1.3 Analysis Method
9.1.4 PSpice Modeling
9.2 Inverting Amplifier
9.2.1 Basic Amplifier
Problem-Solving Technique:Ideal Op-Amp Circuits
9.2.2 Amplifier with a T-Network
9.2.3 Effect of Finite Gain
9.3 Summing Amplifier
9.4 Noninverting Amplifier
9.4.1 Basic Amplifier
9.4.2 Voltage Follower
9.5 Op-Amp Applications
9.5.1 Current-to-Voltage Converter
9.5.2 Voltage-to-Curretn Converter
9.5.3 Difference Amplifier
9.5.4 Instrumentation Amplifier
9.5.5 Integrator and Differentiator
9.5.6 Nonlinear circuit Applications
9.6 Op-Amp Circuit Design
9.6.1 Summing Op-Amp Circuit Design
9.6.2 Reference Voltage Source Design
9.6.3 Difference Amplifier and Bridge Circuit Design
9.7 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 10
Integrated Circuit Biasing and Active Loads
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10.1 Bipolar Transistor Current Sources
10.1.1 Two-Transistor Current Source
10.1.2 Improved Current-Source Circuits
Problem-Solving Technique:BJT Current Source Circuits
10.1.3 Widlar Current Source
10.1.4 Multitransistor Current Mirrors
10.2 FET Current Sources
10.2.1 Basic Two-Transistor MOSFET current Source
Problem-Solving Technique:MOSFET Current-Source Circuit
10.2.2 Multi-MOSFET Current-Source Circuits
10.2.3 Bias-Independent Current Source
10.2.4 JFET Current Sources
10.3 Circuits with Active Loads
10.3.1 DC Analysis:BJT Active Load Circuit
10.3.2 Voltage Gain:BJT Active Load Circuit
10.3.3 DC Analysis:MOSFET Active Load Circuit
10.3.4 Voltage Gain:MOSFET Active Load Circuit
10.3.5 Discussion
10.4 Small-Sinnal Analysis:Active Load Circuits
10.4.1 Small-Sinnal Analysis:BJT Active Load Circuit
Problem-Solving Technique:Active Loads
10.4.2 Small-Sinnal Analysis:MOSFET Active Load Circuit
10.4.3 Small-Sinnal Analysis:Advanced MOSFET Active Load
10.5 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 11
Differential and Multistage Amplifiers
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11.1 The Differential Amplifier
11.2 Basic BJT Differential Pair
11.2.1 Terminology and Qualitative Description
11.2.2 DC Transfer Characteristics
11.2.3 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Analysis
11.2.4 Differential-and Common-Mode Gains
Problem-Solving Technique:Diff-Amps with Resistive Loads
11.2.5 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
11.2.6 Differential-and Common-Mode Input Impedances
11.3 Basic FET Differential Pair
11.3.1 DC Transfer Characteristics
11.3.2 Differential-and Common-Mode Input Impedances
11.3.3 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Analysis
11.3.4 JFET Differential Amplifier
11.4 Differential Amplifier with Active Load
11.4.1 BJT Diff-Amp with Active Load
11.4.2 Small-Signal Analysis of BJT Active Load
11.4.3 MOSFET Differential Amplifier with Active Load
11.4.4 MOSFET Diff-Amp with Cascode Active Load
11.5 BiCMOS Circuits
11.5.1 Basic Amplifier Stages
11.5.2 Current Sources
11.5.3 BiCMOS Differential Amplifier
11.6 Gain Stage and Simple Output Stage
11.6.1 Darlington Pair and Simple Emitter-Follower Output
11.6.2 Input Impedance,Voltage Gain,and Output Impedance
11.7 Simplified BJT Operational Amplifier Circuit
Problem-Solving Technique:Multistage Circuits
11.8 Diff-Amp Frequency Response
11.8.1 Due to Differential-Mode Imput Signal
11.8.2 Due to Common-Mode Input Signal
11.8.3 With Emitter-Degeneration Resistors
11.8.4 With Active Load
11.9 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 12
Feedback and Stability
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12.1 Introduction to Feedback
12.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Negative Feedback
12.1.2 Use of Computer Simulation
12.2 Basic Feedback Concepts
12.2.1 Ideal Closed-Loop Gain
12.2.2 Gain Sensitivity
12.2.3 Bandwidth Extension
12.2.4 Noise Sensitivity
12.2.5 Reduction of Nonlinear Distortion
12.3 Ideal Feedback Topologies
12.3.1 Series-Shunt configuration
12.3.2 Shunt-Series Configuration
12.3.3 Series-Series Configuration
12.3.4 Shunt-Shunt Configuration
12.3.5 Summary of Results
12.4 voltage(Series-Shunt)Amplifiers
12.4.1 Op-Amp Circuit Representation
12.4.2 Discrete Circuit Representation
12.5 Current(Shunt-Series)Amplifiers
12.5.1 Op-Amp Circuit Representation
12.5.2 Simple Discrete Circuit Representation
12.5.3 Discrete Circuit Representation
12.6 Transconductance(Sereis-Series)Amplifiers
12.6.1 Op-Amp Circuit Representation
12.6.2 Discrete Circuit Representation
12.7 Transresistance(Shunt-Shunt)Amplifiers
12.7.1 Op-Amp Circuit Representation
12.7.2 Discrete Circuit Representation
12.8 Loop Gain
12.8.1 Basic Approach
12.8.2 Computer Analysis
12.9 Stability of the Feedback Circuit
12.9.1 The Stability Problem
12.9.2 Bode Plots:One-,Two-,and Three-Pole Amplifiers
12.9.3 Nyquist Stability Criterion
12.9.4 Phase and Gain Margins
12.10 Frequency Compensation
12.10.1 Basic Theory
Problem-Solving Technique:Frequency Compensation
12.10.2 Closed-Loop Frequency Response
12.10.3 Miller Compensation
12.11 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 13
Operational Amplifier Circuits
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13.1 General Op-Amp Circuit Design
13.1.1 General Design Philosophy
13.1.2 Circuit Element Matching
13.2 A Bipolar Operational Amplifier Circuit
13.2.1 Circuit Description
13.2.2 DC Analysis
13.2.3 Small-Signal Analysis
13.2.4 Frequency Response
Problem-Solving Technique:Operational Amplifier circuits
13.3 CMOS Operational Amplifier Circuits
13.3.1 MC14573CMOS Operational Amplifier circuit
13.3.2 Folded Cascode CMOS Operational Amplifier Circuit
13.3.3 CMOS Current-Mirror Operational Amplifier Circuit
13.3.4 CMOS Cascode Current-Mirror Op-Amp Circuit
13.4 BiCMOS Operational Amplifier Circuit
13.4.1 BiCMOS Folded Cascode Op-Amp
13.4.2 CA3140 BiCMOS Circuit Description
13.4.3 CA3140 DC Analysis
13.4.4 CA3140 Small-Signal Analysis
13.5 JFET Operational Amplifier Circuits
13.5.1 Hybrid FET Op-Amp,LH0022/42/52 Series
13.5.2 Hybrid FET Op-Amp,LF155 Series
13.6 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 14
Nonideal Effects in Operational Amplifier Circuits
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14.1 Practical Op-Amp parameters
14.1.1 Practical Op-Amp Parameter Definitions
14.1.2 Input and Output Voltage Limitations
14.2 Finite Open-Loop Gain
14.2.1 Inverting Amplifier Closed-Loop Gain
14.2.2 Noninverting Amplifier Closed-Loop Gain
14.2.3 Inverting Amplifier Closed-Loop Input Resistance
14.2.4 Noninverting Amplifier Closed-Loop Input Resistance
14.2.5 Nonzero Output Resistance
14.3 Frequency Response
14.3.1 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Frequency Response
14.3.2 Gain-Bandwidth Product
14.3.3 Slew Rate
14.4 Offset Voltage
14.4.1 Input Stage Offset Voltage Effects
14.4.2 Offset Voltage compensation
14.5 Input Bias Current
14.5.1 Bias Current Effects
14.5.2 Bias CurrentCompensation
14.6 Additional Nonideal Effects
14.6.1 Temperature Effects
14.6.2 Common-Mode Rejection Ration
14.7 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 15
Applications and Design of Integrated Circuits
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15.1 Active Filters
15.1.1 Active Network Design
15.1.2 General Two-Pole Active Filter
15.1.3 Two-pole Low-Pass Butterworth Filter
15.1.4 Two-pole High-Pass Butterworth Filter
15.1.5 Higer-Order Butterworth Filter
15.1.6 Switched-Capacitor Filter
15.2 Oscillators
15.2.1 Basic Principles of Oscillation
15.2.2 Phase-Shift Oscillator
15.2.3 Wien-Bridge Oscillator
15.2.4 Additional Osillator Configurations
15.3 Schmitt Trigger Circuits
15.3.1 Comparator
15.3.2 Basic Inverting Schmitt Trigger
15.3.3 Additional Schmitt Trigger Configurations
15.3.4 Schmitt Triggers with Limiters
15.4 Nonsinusoidal Oscillators and Timing Circuits
15.4.1 Schmitt Trigger Oscillator
15.4.2 monostable multivibrator
15.4.3 The 555 Circuit
15.5 Integrated Circuit Power Amplifiers
15.5.1 LM 380 Power Amplifier
15.5.2 PA 12 Power Amplifier
15.5.3 Bridge Power Amplifier
15.6 Voltage Regulators
15.6.1 Basic Regulator Description
15.6.2 Output Resistance and Load Regulation
15.6.3 Simple Series-Pass Regulator
15.6.4 Positive Voltage Regulator
15.7 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
PART 3 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Chpter 16
MOSFET Digital Circuits
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16.1 NMOS Inverters
16.1.1 n-Channel MOSFET Revisited
16.1.2 NMOS Inverter Transfer characteristics
16.1.3 Noise Margin
16.1.4 Body Effect
16.1.5 Transient Analysis of NMOS Inverters
16.2 NMOS Logic Circuits
16.2.1 NMOS NOR and NAND Gates
16.2.2 NMOS Logic Circuits
16.2.3 Fanout
16.3 CMOS Inverter
16.3.1 p-Channel MOSFET Revisited
16.3.2 DC Analysis of the CMOS Inverter
16.3.3 Power Dissipation
16.3.4 Noise Margin
16.4 CMOS Logic Circuits
16.4.1 Basic CMOS NOR and NAND Gates
16.4.2 Complex CMOS Logic Circuits
16.4.3 Fanout and Propagation Delay Time
16.5 Clocked CMOS Logic Circuits
16.6 Transmission Gates
16.6.1 NMOS Transmission Gate
16.6.2 NMOS Pass Networks
16.6.3 CMOS Transmission Gate
16.6.4 CMOS Pass Networks
16.7 Sequential Logic Circuits
16.7.1 Dynamic Shift Registers
16.7.2 R-S Flip-Flop
16.7.3 D Flip-Flop
16.7.4 CMOS Full-Adder Circuit
16.8 Memories:Classifications and Architectures
16.8.1 Classifications of Memories
16.8.2 Memory Architecture
16.8.3 Address Decoders
16.9 RAM Memory Cells
16.9.1 NMOS SRAM Cells
16.9.2 CMOS SRAM Cells
16.9.3 SRAM Read/Write Circuitry
16.9.4 Dynamic RAM(DRAM)Cells
16.10 Read-Only Memory
16.10.1 ROM and PROM Cells
16.10.2 EPROM and EEPROM Cells
16.11 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 17
Bipolar Digital Circuits
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17.1 Emitter-coupled Logic(ECL)
17.1.1 Differential Amplifier Circuit Revisited
17.1.2 Basic ECL Logic Gate
17.1.3 ECL Logic Circuit Characteristics
17.1.4 Voltage Transfer Characteristics
17.2 Modified ECL Circuit Configurations
17.2.1 Low-Power ECL
17.2.2 Alternative ECL
17.2.3 Series Gating
17.2.4 Propagation Delay Time
17.3 Transistor-Transistor Logic
17.3.1 Basic Diode-Transistor Logic Gate
17.3.2 The Input Transistor of TTL
17.3.3 Basic TTL NAND Circuit
17.3.4 TTL Output Stages and Fanout
17.3.5 Tristate Output
17.4 Schottky Transistor-Transistor Logic
17.4.1 Schottky Clamped Transistor
17.4.2 Schottky TTL NAND Circuit
17.4.3 Low-Power Schottky TTL Circuits
17.4.4 Advanced Schottky TTL Circuits
17.5 BiCMOS Digital Circuits
17.5.1 BiCMOS Inverter
17.5.2 BiCMOS Logic Circuit
17.6 Summary
Checkpoint
Review Questions
Problems
Computer Simulation Problems
Design Problems
APPENDIXES
Appendix A
Physical Constants and Conversion Factors
Appendix B
Introduction to Pspice
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B.1 Introduction
B.2 Drawing the Circuit
B.3 Type of Analysis
B.4 Displaying Results of Simulation
B.5 Example Analyses
Appendix C
Selected Manufacturers’Data Sheets
Appendix D
Standard Resistor and Capacitor Values
D.1 Carbon Resistors
D.2 Precision Resistors(One Percent Tolerance)
D.3 Capacitors
Appendix E
Reading List
Appendix F
Answers to Selected Problems
Index
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