MPLS和VPN体系结构CCIP版（英文版）

Part I　MPLS Technology and Configuration　3

Chapter 1　Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Architecture Overview　5
* Scalability and Flexibility of IP-based Forwarding　5
·Network Layer Routing Paradigm　5
·Differentiated Packet Servicing　9
·Independent Forwarding and Control　10
·External Routing Information Propagation　10
* Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Introduction　11
·MPLS Architecture-The Building Blocks　13
·Label Imposition at the Network Edge　15
·MPLS Packet Forwarding and Label Switched Paths　17
* Other MPLS Applications　19
* Summary　20
* Review Questions　21

Chapter 2　Frame-mode MPLS Operation　23
* Frame-mode MPLS Data Plane Operation　25
·MPLS Label Stack Header　26
·Label Switching in Frame-mode MPLS　28
* Label Bindings and Propagation in Frame-mode MPLS　31
·LDP/TDP Session Establishment　31
·Label Binding and Distribution　34
·Convergence in a Frame-mode MPLS Network　37
* Penultimate Hop Popping　40
* MPLS Interaction with Border Gateway Protocol　42
* Summary　45
* Review Questions　46

Chapter 3　Cell-mode MPLS Operation　49
* Control-plane Connectivity Across an LC-ATM Interface　51
·MPLS Control-plane Connectivity in Cisco IOS Software　52
·Control-plane Implementation in an ATM Switch　54
* Labeled Packet Forwarding Across an ATM-LSR Domain　55
* Label Allocation and Distribution Across an ATM-LSR Domain　56
·VC Merge　58
·Convergence Across an ATM-LSR Domain　61
* Summary　62
* Review Questions　63

Chapter 4　Running Frame-mode MPLS Across Switched WAN Media　65
* Frame-mode MPLS Operation Across Frame Relay　65
* Frame-mode MPLS Operation Across ATM PVCs　67
·Frame-mode and Cell-mode MPLS Across the Same ATM Interface　69
* Summary　70
* Review Questions　71

Chapter 5　Advanced MPLS Topics　73
* Controlling the Distribution of Label Mappings　73
* MPLS Encapsulation Across Ethernet Links　77
·IP MTU Path Discovery　78
·Ethernet Switches and MPLS MTU　80
* MPLS Loop Detection and Prevention　81
·Loop Detection and Prevention in Frame-mode MPLS　81
·Loop Detection and Prevention in Cell-mode MPLS　82
* Traceroute Across an MPLS-enabled Network　88
* Route Summarization Within an MPLS-enabled Network　92
* Summary　93
* Review Questions　94

Chapter 6　MPLS Migration and Configuration Case Study　97
* Migration of the Backbone to a Frame-mode MPLS Solution　97
* Pre-migration Infrastructure Checks　99
·Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) Requirements　100
* Addressing the Internal BGP Structure　101
* Migration of Internal Links to MPLS　103
* Removal of Unnecessary BGP Peering Sessions　105
* Migration of an ATM-based Backbone to Frame-mode MPLS　106
·Cell-mode MPLS Migration　108
* Summary　110
* Review Questions　111

Part II　MPLS-based Virtual Private Networks　113

Chapter 7　MPLS Troubleshooting　115
* Quick MPLS-related Checks　116
·Is CEF Enabled Globally?　116
·Is MPLS Enabled?　116
·Is MPLS Enabled on All Interfaces?　117
* MPLS Control Plane Troubleshooting　118
·Verify Local TDP/LDP Parameters　118
·Verify Correct Operation of TDP/LDP Hello Protocol　118
·Check TDP/LDP Sessions　120
·Check the Label Exchange　121
* MPLS Data Plane Troubleshooting　122
·Monitoring Interface-level CEF　122
·Monitoring End-to-end MPLS Path　123
·Oversized Packet Issues　124
* Summary　125
* Review Questions　126

Chapter 8　Virtual Private Network (VPN) Implementation Options　129
* Virtual Private Network Evolution　129
·Modern Virtual Private Networks　132
* Business Problem-based VPN Classification　132
* Overlay and Peer-to-peer VPN Model　135
·Overlay VPN Model　135
·Peer-to-peer VPN Model　138
* Typical VPN Network Topologies　143
·Hub-and-spoke Topology　144
·Partial- or Full-mesh Topology　148
·Hybrid Topology 150
·Simple Extranet Topology　150
·Central-services Extranet　152
·VPDN Topology　155
·Managed Network VPN Topology　157
* Summary　158
* Review Questions　159

Chapter 9　MPLS/VPN Architecture Overview　161
* Case Study: Virtual Private Networks in SuperCom Service Provider Network　162
* VPN Routing and Forwarding Tables　165
* Overlapping Virtual Private Networks　167
* Route Targets　171
* Propagation of VPN Routing Information in the Provider Network　172
·Multiprotocol BGP in the SuperCom Network　174
* VPN Packet Forwarding　177
* Summary　179
* Review Questions　180

Chapter 10　MPLS/VPN Architecture Operation　183
* Case Study: Basic MPLS/VPN Intranet Service　184
* Configuration of VRFs　186
* Route Distinguishers and VPN-IPv4 Address Prefixes　187
·Configuration of the Route Distinguisher　191
* BGP Extended Community Attribute　193
·Route Target BGP Extended Community　194
·Site of Origin BGP Extended Community　196
·BGP Extended Community Attribute Format　198
* Basic PE-to-CE Link Configuration　200
·PE-to-CE Link Configuration-Static Routing　200
·PE-to-CE Link Configuration-RIP Version 2　202
* Association of Interfaces to VRFs　204
* Multiprotocol BGP Usage and Deployment　204
·Configuration of Multiprotocol BGP　207
·Enhanced BGP Decision Process for VPN-IPv4 Prefixes　211
* Outbound Route Filtering (ORF) and Route Refresh Features　213
·Automatic Route Filtering on PE Routers　213
·Refreshing Routing Information Between PE Routers　215
·ORF for PE Routers　218
* MPLS/VPN Data Plane-Packet Forwarding　220
·Summary　221
·Review Questions　222

Chapter 11　Provider Edge (PE) to Customer Edge (CE) Connectivity Options　225
* VPN Customer Access into the MPLS/VPN Backbone　225
* BGP-4 Between Service Provider and Customer Networks　227
* Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Between PE and CE Routers　230
* Separation of VPN Customer Routing Information　232
* Propagation of OSPF Routes Across the MPLS/VPN Backbone　235
·BGP Extended Community Attribute for OSPF Routes　237
* PE-to-CE Connectivity-OSPF with Site Area 0 Support　238
* PE-to-CE Connectivity-OSPF Without Site Area 0 Support　242
* VPN Customer Connectivity-MPLS/VPN Design Choices　244
·Migrating Customers Using iBGP in Their Network to MPLS/VPN Service　248
·Autonomous System Number Override　250
* Summary　253
* Review Questions　253

Chapter 12　Advanced MPLS/VPN Topologies　255
* Intranet and Extranet Integration　255
* Central Services Topology　258
* MPLS/VPN Hub-and-spoke Topology　261
·Deployment of the AllowAS-in Feature　264
* Summary　266
* Review Questions　267

Chapter 13　Advanced MPLS/VPN Topics　269
* MPLS/VPN: Scaling the Solution　271
* Routing Convergence Within an MPLS-enabled VPN Network　271
·Convergence Within the Service Provider Backbone　273
·Convergence Between VPN Sites　275
* Advertisement of Routes Across the Backbone　280
·BGP for VPN-IPv4 and IPv4 Routing Information　281
·Full Mesh of MP-iBGP Between PE Routers　285
·Separation of MP-iBGP Sessions Between PE Routers　286
* Introduction of Route Reflector Hierarchy　288
·Route Reflection of PE Routes to Aid Scaling　290
·Route Reflector Partitioning　292
·Standard Community Filtering on PE Routers　294
·Route Target Attribute-based Filtering on Route Reflectors　297
·Route Reflection and ORF Capability　299
* BGP Confederations Deployment　300
·BGP Confederations-Single IGP Environment　305
·BGP Confederations-Multiple IGP Environment　306
* PE Router Provisioning and Scaling　311
* Additional Connectivity Requirements-Internet Access　312
* Internet Connectivity Through Firewalls　313
* Internet Access-Static Default Routing　315
* Separate BGP Session Between PE and CE Routers　320
* Internet Connectivity Through Dynamic Default Routing　328
·Dynamic Default Routing-Route Target Assignment　328
·Association of the Global Routing Table with a VRF　330
* Additional Lookup in the Global Routing Table　334
* Internet Connectivity Through a Different Service Provider　335
* Summary　336
* Review Questions　337

Chapter 14　Guidelines for the Deployment of MPLS/VPN　339
* Introduction to MPLS/VPN Deployment　339
* IGP to BGP Migration of Customer Routes　339
* Multiprotocol BGP Deployment in an MPLS/VPN Backbone　344
·VPN Routes and Next-hop Forwarding　345
·PE Router Loopback Address Configuration　348
* MPLS/VPN Deployment on LAN Interfaces　355
* Network Management of Customer Links　358
·Advertisement of Routes with Different Extended Communities　359
·Use of Standard BGP Communities for Route Filtering　363
·Advertisement of Routes with Different Route Targets Using Export Maps　368
* Use of Traceroute Across an MPLS/VPN Backbone　371
* Summary　374
* Review Questions　375

Chapter 15　Carrier's Carrier and Inter-provider VPN Solutions　377
* Carrier's Carrier Solution Overview　378
* Carrier's Carrier Architecture-Topologies　381
·ISP with No MPLS Deployment Within POP Sites　382
·ISP with MPLS Deployed Within POP Sites　388
* Hierarchical Virtual Private Networks　392
* Inter-provider VPN Solutions　394
·Inter-provider VPN-Exchange of VPN-IPv4 Across Boundaries　396
·Inter-provider VPN-Multi-hop eBGP Between Customer Sites　402
* Summary　404
* Review Questions　405

Chapter 16　IP Tunneling to MPLS/VPN Migration Case Study　407
* Existing VPN Solution Deployment-IP Tunneling　408
* Definition of VPNs and Routing Policies for PE Routers　410
* Definition of VRFs Within the Backbone Network　411
* VRF and Routing Polices for SampleNet VPN Sites　412
* VRF and Routing Policies for SampleNet Internet Access　413
* VRF and Routing Policies for Internet Access Customers　414
* MPLS/VPN Migration-Staging and Execution　414
·Migration of the SampleNet Central Site　415
* Configuration of MP-iBGP on BGP Route Reflectors　418
* Configuration of MP-iBGP on TransitNet PE Routers　420
* Migration of VPN Sites onto the MPLS/VPN Solution　421
* Summary　421
* Review Questions　423

Chapter 17　MPLS VPN Troubleshooting　425
* Quick MPLS-related Checks　426
·Pinging Between the CE Routers　426
·Checking for an End-to-end LSP Between PE Routers　428
·Checking for CEF Switching　429
* In-depth MPLS VPN Troubleshooting　430
·Checking the Egress CE-to-PE Routing Exchange　432
·Checking the Route Export Functionality　434
·Checking the Propagation of MPLS VPN Routes　436
·Checking the Route Import Functionality　437
·Checking the Ingress PE-to-CE Routing Exchange　439
* Summary　441
* Review Questions　441

Appendix A　Answers to Review Questions　443
Appendix B　Tag-switching and MPLS Command Reference　461

Index　465