英语测试（1）

Preface by Halliday
王宗炎序
导读
1 Introduction to language testing
1.1 Testing and teaching
1.2 Why test
1.3 Wharshouid be tested and to
what standard
1.4 Testing the language skills
1.5 Testing language areas
1.6 Language skills and language
elements
1.7 Recognition and production
1.8 Problems of sampling
1.9 Avoiding traps for the students
2 Approaches to language testing
2.1 Background
2.2 The essay-translation approach
2.3 The structuralist approach
2.4 The integrative approach
2.5 The communicative approach
3 Objective testing
3.1 Subjective and objective testing
3.2 Objective tests
3.3 Multiple-choice items: general
3.4 Multiple-choice items: the stem/
the correct option/the distractors
3.5 Writing the test
4 Tests of grammar and usage
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Multiple-choice grammar items:
item types
4.3 Constructing multiple-choice items
4.4 Constructing error-recognition
multiple-choice items
4.5 Constructing rearrangement items
4.6 Constructing completion items
4.7 Constructing transformation items
4.8 Constructing items involving the
changing of words
4.9 Constructing ''broken sentence'' items
4.10 Constructing pairing and
matching items
4.11 Constructing combination and
addition items
5 Testing vocabulary
5.1 Selection of items
5.2 Multiple-choice items A
5.3 Multiple-choice items B
5.4 Sets associated words
5.5 Matching items
5.6 More objective items
5.7 Completion items
6 Listening comprehension tests
6.1 General
6.2 Phoneme discrimination tests
6.3 Tests of stress and intonation
6.4 Statements and dialogues
6.5 Testing comprehension through
visual materials
6.6 Understanding talks and
lectures
7 Oral production tests
7.1 Some difficulties in testing the
speaking skills
7.2 Reading aloud
7.3 Conversational exchanges
7.4 Using pictures for assessing oral
production
7.5 The oral interview
7.6 Some other techniques for oral
examining
8 Testing reading comprehension
8.1 The nature of the reading skills
8.2 Initial stages of reading:
matching tests
8.3 Intermediate and advanced
stages of reading: matching tests
8.4 True/false reading tests
8.5 Multiple-choice items A : short
texts
8.6 Multiple-choice items B :
longer texts
8.7 Completion items
8.8 Rearrangement items
8.9 Cloze procedure
8.10 Open-ended and miscellaneous
items
8.11 Cursory reading
9 Testing the writing skills
9.1 The writing skills
9.2 Testing composition writing
9.3 Setting the composition
9.4 Grading the composition
9.5 Treatment of written errors
9.6 Objective tests: mechanics
9.7 Objective tests: style and
register
9.8 Controlled writing
10 Criteria and types of tests
10.1 Validity
10.2 Reliability
10.3 Reliability versus validity
10.4 Discrimination
10.5 Administration
10.6 Test instructions to the
candidate
10.7 Backwash effects
10.8 Types of tests
11 Interpreting test scores
11.1 Frequency distribution
11.2 Measures of central tendency
11.3 Measures of dispersion
11.4 Item analysis
11.5 Moderating
11.6 Item cards and banks
Selected bibliography
Index
文库索引