生物材料导论

PartIBioactiveCeramicsandMetals



1IntroductiontoBioceramics3

1.1BioactiveMaterials3

1.1.1Definitions3

1.1.2CommonBiomaterials4

1.1.3BioactiveCeramics5

1.1.4BiologicalApatites5

1.1.5BasicRequirementsforBoneImplants6

1.1.6CoatingofHydroxyapatiteonPorousCeramics8

1.1.7BiomaterialsinTissueAttachment11

1.2References12



2BioactiveCeramics:Structure,Synthesis,andMechanicalProperties13

2.1StructureofHydroxyapatite14

2.1.1GeneralStructureandChemistryofHydroxyapatite14

2.1.2StructuralCharacteristicsofHydroxyapatite15

2.1.3SubstitutedApatite16

2.2SynthesisofHydroxyapatitePowder19

2.2.1DryChemicalMethods19

2.2.2WetChemicalMethods20

2.3MechanicalPropertiesofHydroxyapatite23

2.4OtherBioceramics25

2.4.1TricalciumPhosphate25

2.4.2BioactiveGlasses25

2.5References26

2.6Problems28



3BioceramicProcessing29

3.1FabricationandMechanicalPropertiesofPorousBioceramics30

3.1.1HighTemperatureRoutes30

3.1.2LowTemperatureRoutes32

3.1.3RapidPrototypingTechniques33

3.1.4MechanicalPropertiesofPorousBioceramics34

3.2CoatingofBioceramicThickFilmsonBio-InertPorousSubstrates34

3.2.1SlipCasting35

3.2.2ElectrophoreticDeposition35

3.2.3Bioceramic-GlassSlurryMethod36

3.2.4ThermalDeposition37

3.2.5Sol-GelSynthesis37

3.2.6BiomimeticGrowth39

3.3CoatingonDenseSubstrates39

3.3.1Enameling39

3.3.2Plasma-SprayedCoatings40

3.3.3Sputtering41

3.4HydroxyapatiteCoatingsforNon-HardTissueApplications42

3.5Composites43

3.5.1Bioceramic-PolymerComposite43

3.5.2ReinforcedHydroxyapatite44

3.5.3HydroxyapatiteandTricalciumPhosphateComposite44

3.6Summary45

3.7References45

3.8Problems46



4CoatingofHydroxyapatiteontoInnerPoreSurfacesoftheReticulatedAlumina47

4.1HydroxyapatiteCoatingMethodsandCharacterization47

4.1.1CoatingofHydroxyapatitebytheHydroxyapatite-GlassSlurryMethod47

4.1.2CoatingofHydroxyapatitebyaThermalDepositionMethod53

4.1.3CharacterizationofHydroxyapatiteFilm53

4.1.4CoatingofHydroxyapatiteUsingSol-GelSynthesis57

4.2AdhesionofHydroxyapatiteFilmonAluminaSubstrate58

4.3References59

4.4Problems60



5PropertiesandCharacterizationofBiomaterials61

5.1CharacterizationofCeramics61

5.2BioactivePropertiesandHardTissueProsthetics62

5.2.1BoneBiology62

5.2.2CriticalIssuesonInterfacesBetweentheHardTissueandBiomaterials63

5.2.3FactorsthatInfluenceBioreactivity64

5.2.4BoneImplant64

5.2.5BondingMechanisms65

5.2.6InvitroBehaviorofHydroxyapatite66

5.3MeasurementsofGrowthandDissolutionofHydroxyapatiteCeramics68

5.4InvitroTestConductedinThisReasearch68

5.5MechanicalProperties70

5.6References71

5.7Problems73



6BioactivityofHydroxyapatite74

6.1GeneralAspects74

6.2InvitroTestingMaterialsandPreparation74

6.3CharacterizationofImmersionSolution75

6.4MorphologyoftheReactedSurfaces79

6.5References84

6.6Problems84



7HydroxyapatiteDepositionMechanisms85

7.1MaterialSynthesisandHydroxyapatiteCoating85

7.1.1GeneralAspectsonChemistry,Structure,andThermalBehaviorofHydroxyapatite85

7.1.2MaterialSynthesisandHydroxyapatiteCoating86

7.1.3CoatingofHydroxyapatiteontoInnerSurfacesofPoresinReticulatedAlumina87

7.1.4Hydroxyapatite-GlassSlurryMethod87

7.1.5ThermalDepositionandSol-GelMethods90

7.2MechanismsofBioactivity92

7.2.1InvitroBiochemistryBehaviorofHydroxyapatite92

7.2.2Growth—DissolutionMechanism94

7.2.3KineticsModelsforCrystallizationandDissolution96

7.2.4ExperimentalDeterminationofReactionMechanisms99

7.2.5EffectofHeatTreatmentonHydroxyapatite100

7.2.6StructuralEffectonBioactivity102

7.2.7TemperatureEffectonBioactivity103

7.2.8FactorsContributingtoReactivityofHydroxyapatite105

7.3References108

7.4Problems108



8BiomedicalMetallicMaterials110

8.1MicrostructuresandProcessing110

8.2CorrosionResistanceofMetals115

8.3BiologicalToleranceofMetal117

8.4StainlessSteel118

8.5Cobalt-BasedAlloys123

8.6TitaniumandItsAlloys127

8.7TiNiShapeMemoryAlloy131

8.8Summary135

8.9References137

8.10Problems138



PartⅡPolymericBiomaterials



9PolymerBasics143

9.1ClassificationofPolymers143

9.1.1Source143

9.1.2PolymerChainStructure144

9.1.3PolymerThermalBehavior146

9.1.4PolymerStability146

9.2CharacteristicsofPolymer147

9.2.1DegreeofPolymerization147

9.2.2PolymerCrystals148

9.2.3TheGlassTransitionTemperatureandMeltingTemperature148

9.3SynthesisofPolymers149

9.3.1FreeRadicalPolymerization149

9.3.2CondensationPolymerization153

9.3.3OtherTypesofPolymerization154

9.4References156

9.5Problems157



10NaturallyOccurringPolymerBiomaterials158

10.1GeneralIntroductiontoProteins158

10.2Collagen159

10.2.1Cross-LinkingofCollagen162

10.3Alginate166

10.4ChitinandChitosan167

10.5References168

10.6Problems171



11SyntheticNonBiodegradablePolymers172

11.1Polyethylene172

11.1.1HighDensityPolyethylene173

11.1.2UltrahighMolecularWeightPolyethylene174

11.2Poly(methylmethacrylate)175

11.3Polyester177

11.4Polycarbonate178

11.5Polyamides179

11.6Polyurethane180

11.7Polysulfones184

11.8Poly(etheretherketone)184

11.9References185

11.10Problems186



12SyntheticBiodegradablePolymers187

12.1AliphaticPolyester187

12.1.1Poly(glycolide)189

12.1.2Poly(lactide)189

12.1.3Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)191

12.1.4Poly(ε-caprolactone)192

12.1.5Poly(para-dioxanone)192

12.2Poly(propylenefumarate)193

12.3PolyaminoAcid194

12.4References195

12.5Problems196



13PolymerMatrixCompositeBiomaterials197

13.1FiberReinforcedComposites198

13.2FillerReinforcedComposites199

13.3MethodstoImprovetheInterfacialBondingBetweenPhasesinComposites200

13.3.1SelfReinforcementofFiber/PolymerComposites200

13.3.2PlasmaTreatmentofFibers200

13.3.3CouplingAgent201

13.4References203

13.5Problems206PartⅢTissueEngineering:ANewEraofRegenerativeMedicine



14BiomaterialsforTissueEngineering211

14.1GeneralAspectsofBiomaterialsUsedforTissueEngineering211

14.2RepresentativeBiomaterialsUsedforTissueEngineering212

14.2.1Polymers212

14.2.2Bioceramics213

14.3BiomaterialConstructsforTissueEngineering:Scaffolds214

14.3.1DefinitionandRequirementsforScaffoldsUsedinTissueEngineering215

14.3.2PrinciplesofScaffoldDesign215

14.3.3ScaffoldFabricationTechnologies216

14.4References223

14.5Problems226



15CellsandBiomoleculesforTissueEngineering227

15.1CellsforTissueEngineering227

15.2GrowthFactorDeliveryinTissueEngineering230

15.3RegulatoryMatrixProteins232

15.4References234

15.5Problems237



16TransportandVascularizationinTissueEngineering238

16.1TransportinEngineeredTissue238

16.2Vascularization239

16.2.1NewBloodVesselFormation239

16.2.2VascularizationinTissueEngineering240

16.3References240

16.4Problems241



17HostResponsetoTissueEngineeredGrafts243

17.1TheForeignBodyResponsetoSyntheticComponents243

17.2ResponsetoBiologicalComponents244

17.3References246

17.4Problems247



18OtherImportantIssuesandFutureChallengesinTissueEngineering249

18.1OrganReplacementandRegeneration249

18.2OrganotypicandHistiotypicModels250

18.3Mechanotransduction251

18.4FutureChallenges252

18.5References253

18.6Problems253