1 Overview of Programming and Problem Solving 1
1.1 Overview of Programming 2
What is Programming? 2
How Do We Write a Program? 2
1.2 What is a Programming Language? 7
1.3 What is a Computer? 11
1.4 Ethics and Responsibilities in the Computer Profession 15
Software Priacy 15
Privacy of Data 16
Use of Computer Resources 16
Software Engineering 17
1.5 Problem-Solving Techniques 17
Ask Questions 18
Look for Things That Are Familiar 19
Solve by Analogy 19
Means-Ends Analysis 19
Divide and Conquer 20
The Building-Block Approach 20
Merging Solutions 21
Algorithmic Problem Solving 22
Summary 22
2 C++ Syntax and Semantics, and the Program development process 25
2.1 The Elements of C++ Programs 26
C++ Program Structure 26
Syntax and Semantics 28
Syntax Templates 30
Naming Program Elements: Identifiers 31
Data and Data Types 33
Naming Elements: Declarations 34
Taking Action: Executable Statements 38
Beyond Minimalism: Adding Comments to a Program 43
2.2 Program Construction 44
Blocks (Compound Statements) 46
The C++ Preprocessor 47
An Introduction to Namespaces 49
2.3 More About Output 50
Creating Blank Lines 50
Inserting Blanks Within a Line 51
Programming Example: Contest Letter 53
Testing and Debugging 57
Summary 59
Quick Check 59
Exam Preparation Exercises 62
Programming Warm-up Exercises 65
Programming Problems 67
3 Numeric Type, Expressions, and Output
3.1 Overview of C++ Data Types 70
3.2 Numeric Data Types 70
Integral Types 71
Floating-Point Types 72
3.3 Declarations for Numeric Types 73
Named Constant Declarations 73
3.4 Simple Arithmetic Expressions 74
Arithmetic Operators 75
Increment and Decrement Operators 78
3.5 Compound Arithmetic Expressions 78
Precedence Rules 79
Type Coercion and Type Casting 80
3.6 Function Calls and Library Functions 83
Value-Returning Functions 83
Library Functions 85
Void Functions 86
3.7 Formatting the Output 87
Integers and Strings 87
Floating-Point numbers 90
3.8 Additional string Operations 94
The length and size Functions 94
The find Function 95
The substr Function 97
Programming Example: Map Measurements 99
Testing and Debugging 102
Summary 103
Quick Check 103
Exam Preparation Exercises 106
Programming Warm-up Exercises 109
Programming Problems 113
4 Program Input and the Software Design Process 115
4.1 Getting Data into Programs 116
Input Streams and the Extraction Operator(>>) 116
The Reading Marker and the Newline Character 119
Reading Character Data with the get Function 120
Skipping Characters with the ignore Function 122
Reading String Data 123
4.2 Interactive Input/Output 125
4.3 Noninteractive Input/Output 126
4.4 File Input and Output 127
Files 127
Using Files 127
An Example Program Using Files 130
Run-Time Input of File Names 133
4.5 Input Failure 134
4.6 Software Design Methodologies 135
4.7 What Are Objects? 136
4.8 Object-Oriented Design 138
4.9 Functional Decomposition 138
Modules 140
A Perspective on Design 141
Programming Example: Stretching a Canvas 142
Testing and Debugging 147
Testing and Debugging Hints 148
Summary 149
Quick Check 150
Exam Preparation Exercises 151
Programming Warm-up Exercises 153
Programming Problems 155
5 Conditions, Logical Expressions, and Selection Control Structures 157
5.1 Flow of Control 158
Selection 159
5.2 Conditions and Logical Expressions 159
The bool Data Type 159
Logical Expressions 160
Precedence of Operators 166
Relational Operators with Floating-Point Types 167
5.3 The If Statement 168
The If-Then-Else Form 169
Blocks (Compound Statements) 170
The If-Then Form 172
A Common Mistake 173
5.4 Nested If Statements 174
The Dangling else 176
5.5 Testing the State of an I/O Stream 178
Programming Example: Warning Notices 180
Testing and Debugging 183
Testing in the Problem-Solving Phase:The Algorithm Walk-Through 184
Testing in the Implementation Phase 186
The Test Plan 191
Tests Performed Automatically During Compilation and Execution 192
Testing and Debugging Hints 193
Summary 195
Quick Check 195
Exam Preparation Exercises 196
Programming Warm-up Exercises 199
Programming Problems 202
Looping
6.1 The While Statement 206
6.2 Phase of Loop Execution 208
6.3 Loops Using the While Statement 208
Count-Controlled loops 209
Event-Controlled Loops 209
Looping Subtasks 212
6.4 How to Design Loops 214
Designing the Flow of Control 215
Designing the Process within the Loop 216
6.5 Nested Login 217
Designing Nested Loops 219
Programming Example: Average Income by Gender 220
Testing and Debugging 223
Loop-Testing Strategy 223
Test Plans Involving Loops 224
Testing and Debugging Hints 225
Summary 227
Quick Check 227
Exam Preparation Exercises 228
Programming Warm-up Exercises 231
Programming Problems 232
7 Functions 235
7.1 Functional Decomposition wit Void Functions 236
Writing Modules as Void Functions 236
7.2 An Overview of User-Defined Functions 239
Flow of Control in Function Calls 239
Function Parameters 240
7.3 Syntax and Semantics of Void Functions 241
Function Call (Invocation) 241
Function Declarations and Definitions 242
Local Variables 244
The Return Statement 245
Header Files 246
7.4 Parameters 247
Value Parameters 248
Reference Parameters 249
7.5 Designing Functions 250
Writing Assertions as Program Comments 252
Documenting the Direction of Data Flow 254
Programming Example: Comparison of Furniture-Store Sales 257
Testing and Debugging 263
The assert Library Function 265
Testing and Debugging Hints 266
Summary 267
Quick Check 268
Exam Preparation Exercises 269
Programming Warm-up Exercises 275
Programming Problems 277
8 Scope, Lifetime, and More on Functions 281
8.1 Scope of Identifiers 282
Scope Rules 284
Variable Declarations and Definitions 287
Namespaces 288
8.2 Lifetime of a Variable 291
Initializations in Declarations 292
8.3 Interface Design 293
Side Effects 294
Global Constants 294
8.4 Value-Returning Functions 295
Boolean Functions 299
Interface Design for Value-Returning Functions 300
When to Use Value-Returning Functions 300
Programming Example: Starship Weight and Balance 302
Testing and Debugging 310
Stubs and Drivers 310
Testing and Debugging Hints 311
Summary 312
Quick Check 312
Exam Preparation Exercises 313
Programming Warm-up Exercises 317
Programming Problems 319
9 Additional Control Structures 323
9.1 The Switch Statement 324
9.2 The Do-While Statement 327
9.3 The For Statement 330
9.4 The Break and Continue Statements 332
9.5 Guidelines for Choosing a Looping Statement 335
Programming Example: Monthly Rainfall Averages 336
Testing and Debugging 340
Testing and Debugging Hints 340
Summary 341
Quick Check 341
Exam Preparation Exercises 342
Programming Warm-up Exercises 344
Programming Problems 346
10 Simple Data Types: Built-In and User-Defined 349
10.1 Built-In Simple Types 350
Integral Types 352
Floating-Point Types 353
10.2 Additional C++ Operators 354
Assignment Operators and Assignment Expressions 356
Increment and Decrement Operators 357
Bitwise Operators 358
The Cast Operation 358
The sizeof Operator 358
The ?: Operator 359
Operator Precedence 359
10.3 Working with Character Data 360
Character Sets 361
C++ char Constants 362
Programming Techniques 363
10.4 More on Floating-Point Numbers 367
Representation of Floating-Point Numbers 367
Arithmetic with Floating-Point Numbers 370
10.5 User-Defined Simple Types 372
The Typedef Statement 372
Enumeration Types 373
Named and Anonymous Data Types 379
User-written Header Files 380
10.6 More on Type Coercion 380
Type Coercion in Arithmetic and Relational Expressions 381
Type Coercion in Assignments, Argument Passing, and Return of a Function Value 382
Programming Example: Rock, Paper, Scissors 384
Testing and Debugging 391
Floating-Point Data 391
Coping with Input Errors 391
Testing and Debugging Hints 392
Summary 393
Quick Check 393
Exam Preparation Exercises 395
Programming Warm-up Exercises 397
Programming Problems 398
11 Structured Types, Data Abstraction, and Classes 401
11.1 Simple Versus Structured Data Types 402
11.2 Records (C++ Structs) 403
Accessing Individual Components 405
Aggregate O
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