Preface xi
Chapter I Introduction 1
Who Should Read This Books 2
What Software Testing Is--and Isn't 3
What Is Different about Testing Object-Oriented
Softwares 5
Overview of Our Testing Approach 6
Test Early 7
Test Often 7
Test Enough 8
The Testing Perspective 8
Organization of This Book 8
Conventions Used in This Book 9
A ContinuingExample-Brickles 10
Basic Brickles Components 11
Brickles Physics 11
Game Environment 14
Chapter 2 The Testing Perspective 15
Testing Perspective 15
Object-Oriented Concepts 17
Object 18
Message 20
Interface 21
Class 22
Inheritance 31
Polymorphism 32
Development Products 39
Analysis Models 40
Design Models 56
Source Code 59
Summary 62
Chapter 3 Planning for Testing 65
A Development Process Overview 66
A Testing Process Overview 68
Risk Analysis--A Tool for Testing 74
Risks 74
Risk Analysis 74
A Testing Process 78
Planning Issues 78
Dimensions of Software Testing 78
Who Performs Testing? 80
Which Pieces Are Tested? 81
When Is Testing Performed? 82
How Is Testing Performed? 83
How Much Testing Is Adequate? 84
Roles in the Testing Process 86
Class Tester 86
Integration Tester 87
System Tester 87
Test Manager 87
A Detailed Set of Test Activities 87
Planning Activities 91
Scheduling Testing Activities 91
Estimation 91
A Process for Testing Brickles 93
Document Templates 94
Test Metrics 106
Summary 107
Chapter 4 Testing Analysis and Design Models 109
An Overview 110
Place in the Development Process 115
The Basics of Guided Inspection 116
Evaluation Criteria 118
Organization of the Guided Inspection Activity 120
Basic Roles 120
Individual Inspection 121
Preparing for the Inspection 121
Specifying the Inspection 121
Realistic Models 121
Selecting Test Cases for the Inspection 123
Creating Test Cases 127
Completing Checklists 128
The Interactive Inspection Session 128
Testing Specific Types of Models 131
Requirements Model 131
Analysis Models 138
Design Models 141
Testing Again 151
Testing Models for Additional Qualities 151
Summary 154
Model-Testing Checklist 155
Addendum: A Process Definition for Guided Inspection 157
Steps in the Process 157
Detailed Step Descriptions 157
Roles in the Process 161
Chapter 5 Class Testing Basics 163
Class Testing 164
Ways to Test a Class 164
Dimensions of Class Testing 166
Constructing Test Cases 1'68
Adequacy of Test Suites for a Class 179
Constructing a Test Driver 183
Test Driver Requirements 186
Tester Class Design 188
Summary 210
Chapter 6 Testing Interactions 213
Object Interactions 214
Identifying Interactions 215
Specifying Interactions 221
Testing Object Interactions 222
Testing Collection Classes 222
Testing Collaborator Classes 223
The Interaction between Testing and Design
Approach 224
Sampling Test Cases 225
Orthogonal Array Testing 228
Adequacy Criteria for OATS 234
Another Example 235
Another Application of OATS 237
Testing Off-the-Shelf Components 237
A Case Study in Component Acceptance Testing 238
Protocol Testing 241
Test Patterns 242
Listener Test Pattern 242
Specific Example 244
Testing Exceptions 245
Testing Interactions at the System Level 247
Summary 248
Chapter 7 Testing Class Hierarchies 249
Inheritance in Object-Oriented Development 250
Subclass Test Requirements 250
Refinement Possibilities 251
Hierarchical, Incremental Testing 253
Organizing Testing Software 262
Testing Abstract Classes 263
Summary 266
Chapter 8 Testing Distributed Objects 269
Basic Concepts 270
Computational Models 271
Concurrent 271
Parallel 271
Networked 272
Distributed 272
Basic Differences 272
Nondeterminism 272.
Additional Infrastructure 273
Partial Failures 273
Time-Outs 274
Dynamic Nature of the Structure 274
Threads 274
Synchronization 274
Path Testing in Distributed Systems 275
Thread Models 278
Life-Cycle Testing 280
Models of Distribution 281
Basic Client/Server Model 281
Standard Models of Distribution 282
Comparisons and Implications 284
A Generic Distributed-Component Model 284
Basic Architecture 285
Local and Remote Interfaces 287
Specifying Distributed Objects 287
Interface Definition Language 287
Traditional Pre- and Postconditions and Invariants 288
Temporal Logic 288
Temporal Test Patterns 291
Eventually(p) 291
Until(p,q) 292
Always(p) 293
A Test Environment 293
Class Testing 293
Interaction Testing 295
Test Cases 295
Model-specific Tests 296
Testing Every Assumption 297
Infrastructure Tests 300
Logic-Specific Test Cases 301
The Ultimate Distributed System--The Internet 303
Web Servers 304
Life-Cycle Testing of Internet Applications 305
What Haven't We Said? 306
Summary 306
Chapter 9 Testing Systems 309
Defining the System Test Plan 311
Features Tested and Not Tested 311
Test Suspension Criteria and Resumption
Requirements 311
Complementary Strategies for Selecting Test Cases 313
Use Profile 313
ODC 314
Use Cases as Sources of Test Cases 315
Constructing Use Profiles 316
Using Scenarios to Construct Test Cases 317
The Expected Results Section of a Test Case 319
Brickles 320
Testing Incremental Projects 323
Legacy Projects 323
Testing Multiple Representations 324
What Needs to Be Tested? 326
Testing against Functional Requirements 326
Testing for Qualitative System Attributes 326
Testing the System Deployment 327
Testing after Deployment 328
Testing Environment Interactions 328
Test System Security 330
Types of Testing 331
Stress Testing 331
Life-Cycle Testing 331
Performance Testing 333
Testing Different Types of Systems 334
Reactive Systems 334
Embedded Systems 335
Multitiered Systems 336
Distributed Systems 338
Measuring Test Coverage 338
What Is to Be Covered? 338
When Is Coverage Measured? 339
When Is Coverage Used? 339
ODC--Defect Impacts 339
More Examples 341
Summary 341
Chapter 10 Components, Frameworks, and
Product Lines 343
Component Models 344
Enterprise JavaBeans Component Model 345
Testing Components versus Objects 346
Component Test Processes 348
Test Cases Based on Interfaces 349
Case Study--A GameBoard Component 351
Frameworks 359
Basic Issues 359
Framework Testing Processes 360
Inspecting a Framework 360
Structuring Test Cases to Support a Framework 361
Product Lines 362
Testing at the Organizational Management Level 362
Testing at the Technical Management Level 363
Testing at the Software Engineering Level 363
Testing in a Product Line Project 363
Future 364
Summary 364
Chapter 11 Conclusion 367
Suggestions 367
Organization and Process 367
Data 368
Standards 368
Software Infrastructure 370
Techniques 370
Risks 371
Brickles 371
Finally 373
Bibliography 375
Index 381
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