NDEX 533CONTENTS
PREr^cE - yi
xI
cart A FundamentalS of PC Hardware and SOfware 1
l BASIC FE^rURES OF PC HARDw^RE 1
Introduction 1
Bits and BVtes 1
ytes 1
ac o: Number SI
foe Binary Number System 3
j I yotem 3
Hexadecimal Representation 6
presentation 6
ASCll Code 7
PC ComDonents 8
ponents 8
Internal Memory 10
j 10
Rocrmporits and AddressinZ 1,
begments and Addressing 12
.Inents and Addressing 12
Registers 13
.lsters 13
Hardware interrupts 18
KeV Points ] 9
y Points 19
Review Questions and Exercises 19
2 INSTRUCTION ADDREssiNG AND EXECUTION 22
Introduction 22
Features of an Operating System 22
perating System 22
. Contents
IV
al ATal O O-,7
she BIOS Boot Process 23
Ic q1TRr DWrn T l,4
she System Program Loader 24
totem Program Loader 24
ac aam l,<
foe Stack 25
Instruction Execution and Addressing 27
Instruction Operands 29
Protected Mode 29
Key Points 30
J
Review Questions and Exercises 30
3 EXAMINING COMPUTER MEMORY AND EXECUTING INSTRUCTIONS 32
Introduction 32
Using the DEBUG Program 32
Viewing Memory Locations 34
Machine Language Example i: Using Immediate Data 36
Machine Language Example II: Using Defined Data 40
An Assembly Language Program 44
Using the INT Instruction 45
Using the PTR Operator 47
KeV Points 48
J Points 48
Review Questions and Exercises 49
Part B FundamentalS of ASSembly Language 51
4 REQUIREMENTS FOR CODING IN ASSEMBle LANGU^oE 51
Introduction 51
Assembly Language Features 52
Conventional Segment Directives 58
Qimrilifipod aeon
simplified Segment Directives 62
Initializing for Protected Mode 64
Defining Types of Data 65
Equate Directives 70
Key Points 72
y Points 72
Review Questions and Exercises 73
5 ASSEMBLING, LINKING, AND EXECUTING PROGRAMS 74
Introduction 74
Preparing a Program for Assembling and Execution 74
m acal hi R 1
fwo-Pass Assembler sl
Linking an Object Program sl
Executing a Program 83
ac
foe Cross-Reference Listing 84
Error Diagnostics 84
ale hi T.
foe Assembler Location Counter 85
Writing .COM Programs 86
Contents v
Key Points 89
y Points 89
Review Questions and Exercises 90
6 SYMBOLIC INSTRUCTIONS AND ADDRESSING 92
Introduction 92
ac q- 1 1. T.
foe SVmbolic instruction Set--An Overview 92
Jlnbolic instruction Set--An Overview 92
Data Transfer instructions 95
Basic Arithmetic instructions 97
Repetitive Move Operations 98
'.
ac TNT Instfuction 100
foe INT Instruction 100
Addressing Modes 100
e,dodes 100
ac q
foe Segment Override Prefix 104
.Inent Override Prefix 104
Near and Far Addresses 105
Aligning Data Addresses 105
.mug Data Addresses 105
Key Points ] 06
j POints 106
Review Questions and Exercises 106
7 PROGRAM LOGIC AND CONTROL 109
Introduction 109
Rhoft, Near, and Far Addresses 1 10
short, Near, and Far Addresses 1 10
al T' -n r.
foe JMP Instruction 1 1 1
ac T aam T.
foe LOOP Instruction 1 13
ac al ac o.
foe Flags Register 114
ba Register 114
ac
foe CMP Instruction 1 15
Conditional Jump instructions 116
I
Calling Procedures 119
b Procedures 1 19
ac aam
foe Effect of Program Execution on the Stack 121
brain Execution on the Stack 121
Boolean Operations 125
shifting aide 1 aam
shifting Bits 128
b Bits 128
Rotating Bits 131
o Bits 131
Organizing a Program 133
.antiing a Program 133
Key Points 134
j I olnts 134
Review Questions and Exercises 135
Part C Video and K6yboard Operations 137
8 INTRODUCTION TO VIDEO AND KEYBo^RD PROCESSING 137
Introduction 137
q Features 138
screen Features 138
qrrttiria the Cursor 138
betting the Cursor 138
o Lhe Cursor 138
Clearing the Screen 139
g the Screen 139
INT ZIH Function 09H for Screen DisplaV 139
play 139
INT 21H Function OAH for KeVboard InDut 141
J Doard input 141
INT 21H Function 02H for Screen Display 147
- aam riforitc
yi contents
File Handles 148
INT ZIH Function 40H for Screen Display 148
INT ZIH Function 3FH for Keyboard input 149
KeV Points 151
j I Olnts 151
Review Questions and Exercises 151
- -
9 VIDEO SySTEMS 153
Introduction 153
Components of a Video System 154
Video Modes 156
Attributes 156
BIOS INT IOH Operations 158
Using Graphics Mode 175
Direct Video Display 179
ASCll Characters for Boxes and Menus 182
Key Points 183
J Points 183
Review Questions and Exercises 184
1 0 KEYBo^RD OPER^rlONS 1 86
Introduction 186
BIOS KeVboard Data Areas 187
J board Data Areas 187
INT 21H for Keyboard input 188
INT 16H for Keyboard input 189
Extended Function Keys and Scan Codes 192
BIOS INT 09H and the Keyboard Buffer 197
Key Points 199
j I olnts 199
Review Questions and Exercises 201
Part D Data Manipulation 203
1 1 PROCESSING STRING D^r^ 203
Introduction 203
Features of String Operations 204
MOVSf Move String instruction 205
LODSt Load String instruction 207
ITOS: Store String instruction 207
o fOS: Store String instruction 207
Program f Using LODS and STOS to Edit Data 208
CMPSf Compare String instruction 209
ICAS. Scan StrinZ Instruction 213
.CAS. Scan String instruction 213
Alternative Coding for String instructions 214
Replicating a Pattern 215
KeV Points 215
J Points 215
Review Questions and Exercises 216
Contents vii
1 2 ARITHMETIC I' PROCESSING BINARY D^r^ 218
Introduction 218
Processing Unsigned and Signed Binary Data 218
b .lied and Signed Binary Data 218
Addition and Subtraction of Binary Data 220
j Data 220
Multiplying Binary Data 225
.
Dividing BinarV Data 232
b Binary Data 232
al Numeric Data Processor 237
foe Numeric Data Processor 237
KeV Points 239
J Points 239
Review Questions and Exercises 239
13 ARITHMETIC 114 PROCESSING ASCll AND BCD DATA 241
Introduction 241
Data in Decimal Format 242
Processing ASCll Data 242
b ASCll Data 242
Processing Packed BCD Data 247
o Packed BCD Data 247
Converting ASCll Data to Binary Format 250
o ASCll Data to Binary Format 250
Converting Binary Data to ASCll Format 251
o Binary Data to ASCll Format 251
qhiftiricr orid Roundinl
ofliftinR and Rounding a Product 252
o and Rounding a Product 252
Key Points 257
J
Review Questions and Exercises 258
14 DEFINING AND PROCESSING TABLES 259
Introduction 259
Defining Tables 259
o fables 259
Direct Addressing of Table Entries 261
Roqrnhiricr q Table.
searching a Table 264
b a fable 264
ac arT 'm /m 1'
foe XLAT (Translate) Instruction 268
Q rartiri a Table aam
borting Table Entries 271
o table Entries 271
Address Tables 274
Ti-, ri.. 1 ^ laal
fwo-Dimensional Arrays 275
y3 275
Key Points 278
J I olnts 278
Review Questions and Exercises 278
PART E Advanced Input,Output 281
1 5 FACILITIES FOR USING THE MOUSE 281
Introduction 281
Basic Mouse Operations 283
Program: Displaying the Mouse Location 284
More Advanced Mouse Operations 287
perations 287
Program: Using the Mouse with a Menu 290
KeV Points 293
y Points 293
Review Questions and Exercises 294
... nrintents
viII contents
16 DISK STOR^oE I' ORGANIZ^rlON 295
Introduction 295
Characteristics of a Disk Storage Device 295
ac fbi FI q-,
foe Disk System Area and Data Area 299
y alem Area and Data Area 299
al n n 1 7fin
foe Boot Record 300
ac acid
foe DirectorV 301
J
ac ail 1 11. acal in
she File Allocation Table 302
Processing Files on Disk 307
Key Points 308
y Points 308
Review Questions and Exercises 308
1 7 DISK STOR^oE II: WRITING AND READING FILES 310
Introduction 310
ASCllZ Strings 310
File Handles 311
Error Return Codes 31 1
File Pointers 311
Creating Disk Files 312
Reading Disk Files 314
Random Processing 318
KeV Points 327
j I olnts 327
Review Questions and Exercises 328
1 8 DISK STOR^oE Ill. INT 21 H FUNCTIONS FOR SUPPORTING DISKS AND FILES 330
Introduction 330
Operations Handling Disk Drives 331
Operations Handling the Directory and the FAT 341
Operations Handling Disk Files 343
KeV Points 349
J Points 349
Review Questions and Exercises 352
19 DISK STOR^oE IVy INT 13H DISK FUNCTIONS 353
Introduction 353
BIOS Status Byte 354
Basic INT 13H Disk Operations 354
Other INT 13H Disk Operations 358
Key Points 362
j I olnts 362
Review Questions and Exercises 363
20 FACILITIES FOR PRINTING 364
Introduction 364
Common Printer Control Characters 364
INT ZIH Function 40H: Print Characters 365
COntents ix
IX
qripni of Priritrvr Conl
special Printer Control Characters 369
BIOS INT 17H Functions for Printing 373
Key Points 374
j I olnts 374
Review Questions and Exercises 375
Part F Special ropies 377
ZI DEFINING AND USING MACROS 377
Introduction 377
qirnrile Macro Definitions 378
dimple Macro Definitions 378
Using Parameters in Macros 379
b Parameters in Macros 379
Using Comments in Macros 380
6
Nested Macros 382
Macro Directives 383
KeV Points 391
j I Olnts 391
Review Questions and Exercises 392
22 LINKING TO SUBPROGR^MS 393
Introduction 393
ac gb
foe SEGMENT Directive 394
Intrasegment Calls 395
Intersegment Calls 396
.Inent Calls 396
The EXTRN and PUBLIC Attributes 397
Using EXTRN and PUBLIC for an EntrV Point 398
b ac FRN and PUBLIC for an Entry Point 398
Defining the Code Segment as PUBLIC 400
b the Code Segment as PUBLIC 400
UsinZ SimDlified SeZment Directives 402
o simplified Segment Directives 402
Passing Parameters to a Subprogram 404
b Parameters to a Subprogram 404
The ENTER and LEAVE Instructions 406
Linking a C/C++ Program with an Assembly Language Program 408
b a C/C++ Program with an Assembly Language Program 408
Key Points 412
J Points 412
Review Questions and Exercises 412
23 PROGRAM Lo^DING AND OVERL^vS 414
Introduction 414
The Program Segment Prefix 414
The HiZh-Memory Area 418
.if-Memory Area 418
Memory Allocation Strategy 418
J allocation Strategy 418
The Program Loader 419
Allocating and Freeing Memory 424
b and Freeing Memory 424
Loading or Executing a Program Function 425
b o a Program Function 425
Program OverlaVs 428
cram Overlays 428
Resident Programs 432
Key Points 435
y Points 435
Review Questions and Exercises 436
x Contents
Part G Reference Chapters 437
24 BIOS D^r^ AREAS, INTERRUPts, AND PORes 437
Introduction 437
ac P
Yhe Boot Process 437
ac pTriq no+o 4 ~ 4
foe BIOS Data Area 438
Interrupt Services 442
BIOS Interrupts 443
pts 443
INT 21H Services 446
Ports 451
qttiriq Tnrilltloutl
oning input/OutDUt 453
o Input/Output 453
Generating Sound 454
KeV Points 455
J Points 455
Review Questions and Exercises 456
25 OPER^rORS AND DIRECTIVES 458
Introduction 458
yi, aam. G 4 F R
YVpe Specifiers 458
ape Specifiers 458
Operators 459
Directives 463
26 THE PC INSTRUCTION SET 479
Introduction 479
Register Notation 480
ac I I l-. A' I n1Tt 4
foe Addressing Mode Byte 480
o .bode Byte 480
ac Tab of~' 1.
foe instruction Set 483
APPENDICES
A CONVERSION BEtwEEN HEXADECIMAL AND DECIMAL NUMBERS 508
B ASCll CHAR^cTER CODES sl 1
C THE DEBUG PROGRAM 513
D RESERVED WORDS 520
E ASSEMBLING AND LINKING PROGRAMS 522
F KEYBo^RD Sc^N CODES AND ASCll CODES 528
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