Foreword to the Second Edition xiii
Foreword to the First Edition xv
Preface xvii
Chapter 1: What Is Software Quality?
1.I Quality: Popular Views 1
1.2 Quality: Professional Views 2
1.2.1 The Role of the Customer
1.3 Software Quality 4
1.4 Total Quality Management 7
1.5 Summary 10
References 11
Chapter 2: Software Development Process Models 13
2.1 The Waterfall Development Model 14
2.2 The Prototyping Approach 19
2.3 The Spiral Model 21
2.4 The Iterative Development Process Model 24
2.5 The Object-Oriented Development Process 27
2.6 The Cleanroom Methodology 32
2.7 The Defect Prevention Process 35
2.8 Process Maturity Framework and Quality Standards 39
2.8.1 The SEI Process Capability Maturity Model 39
2.8.2 The SPRAssessment 44
2.8.3 The Malcolm Baldrige Assessment 45
2.8.4 ISO9000 47
2.9 Summary 51
References 52
Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Measurement Theory 55
3.1 Definition, Operational Definition, and Measurement 55
3.2 Level of Measurement 59
3.3 Some Basic Measures 62
3.4 Reliability and Validity 70
3.5 Measurement Errors 73
3.5.1 Assessing Reliability 75
3.5.2 Correction for Attenuation 76
3.6 Be Careful with Correlation 77
3.7 Criteria for Causality 80
3.8 Summary 82
References 83
Chapter 4: Software Quality Metrics Overview 85
4.1 Product Quality Metrics 86
4.1.1 The Defect Density Metric 87
4.1.2 Customer Problems Metric 96
4.1.3 Customer Satisfaction Metrics 98
4.2 In-Process Quality Metrics 100
4.2.1 Defect Density During Machine Testing 100
4.2.2 Defect Arrival Pattern During Machine Testing 101
4.2.3 Phase-Based Defect Removal Pattern 103
4.2.4 Defect Removal Effectiveness 103
4.3 Metrics for Software Maintenance 105
4.3.1 Fix Backlog and Backlog Management Index 106
4.3.2 Fix Response Time and Fix Responsiveness 107
4.3.3 Percent Delinquent Fixes 108
4.3.4 Fix Quality 109
4.4 Examples of Metrics Programs 110
4.4.1 Motorola 110
4.4.2 Hewlett-Packard 115
4.4.3 IBM Rochester 116
4.5 Collecting Software Engineering Data 117
4.6 Summary 123
References 125
Chapter 5: Applying the Seven Basic Quality Tools
in Software Development 127
5.1 Ishikawa's Seven Basic Tools 128
5.2 Checklist 130
5.3 Pareto Diagram 133
5.4 Histogram 136
5.5 Run Charts 138
5.6 Scatter Diagram 140
5.7 Control Chart 143
5.8 Cause-and-Effect Diagram 152
5.9 Relations Diagram 154
5.10 Summary 156
References 158
Chapter 6: Defect Removal Effectiveness 159
6.1 Literature Review 160
6.2 A Closer Look at Defect Removal Effectiveness 164
6.3 Defect Removal Effectiveness and Quality Planning 172
6.3.1 Phase-Based Defect Removal Model 172
6.3.2 Some Characteristics of a Special Case Two-Phase Model 174
6.4 Cost Effectiveness of Phase Defect Removal 177
6.5 Defect Removal Effectiveness and Process Maturity Level 181
6.6 Summary 183
References 184
Chapter 7: The Rayleigh Model 187
7.1 Reliability Models 187
7.2 The Rayleigh Model 189
7.3 Basic Assumptions 192
7.4 Implementation 195
7.5 Reliability and Predictive Validity 203
7.6 Summary 205
References 206
Chapter 8: Exponential Distribution and Reliability Growth Models 207
8.1 The Exponential Model 208
8.2 Reliability Growth Models 211
8.2.1 Jelinski-MorandaModel 212
8.2.2 LittlewoodModels 213
8.2.3 Goel-Okumoto Imperfect Debugging Model 213
8.2.4 Goel-Okumoto Nonhomogeneous Poisson Process Model 213
8.2.5 Musa-Okumoto Logarithmic Poisson Execution Time Model 215
8.2.6 The Delayed S and Inflection S Models 215
8.3 Model Assumptions 216
8.4 Criteria for Model Evaluation 218
8.5 Modeling Process 220
8.6 Test Compression Factor 224
8.7 Estimating the Distribution of Total Defects over Time 226
8.8 Summary 229
References 231
Chapter 9: Quality Management Models 235
9.1 The Rayleigh Model Framework 236
9.2 The Code Integration Pattern 242
9.3 The PTR Submodel 245
9.4 The PTR Arrival/Backlog Projection Model 249
9.5 Reliability Growth Models 254
9.6 Criteria for Model Evaluation 257
9.7 In-Process Metrics and Reports 258
9.8 Orthogonal Defect Classification 266
9.9 Summary 270
References 270
Chapter 10: In.Process Metrics for Software Testing 271
10.1 In-Process Metrics for Software Testing 272
10.1.1 Test Progress S Curve 272
10.1.2 Testing Defect Arrivals over Time 279
10.1.3 Testing Defect Backlog over Time 283
10.1.4 Product Size over Time 285
10.1.5 CPU Utilization during Test 286
10.1.6 System Crashes and Hangs 289
10.1.7 Mean Time to Unplanned IPL 291
10.1.8 Critical Problems: Show Stoppers 293
10.2 In-Process Metrics and Quality Management 294
10.2.1 Effort/Outcome Model 298
10.3 Possible Metrics for Acceptance Testing to Evaluate
Vendor-Developed Software 302
10.4 How DoYou Know Your Product is Good Enough to Ship? 304
10.5 Summary 308
References 309
Chapter 11: Complexity Metrics and Models 311
11.1 Lines of Code 312
11.2 Halstead's Software Science 314
11.3 Cyclomatic Complexity 315
11.4 Syntactic Constructs 318
11.5 Structure Metrics 319
11.6 An Example of Module Design Metrics in Practice 322
11.7 Summary 328
References 329
Chapter 12: Metrics and Lessons Learned for Object-Oriented Projects 331
12.1 Object-Oriented Concepts and Constructs 331
12.2 Design and Complexity Metrics 334
12.2.1 Lorenz Metrics and Rules of Thumb 334
12.2.2 Some Metrics Examples 336
12.2.3 The CK OO Metrics Suite 337
12.2.4 Validation Studies and Further Examples 339
12.3 Productivity Metrics 343
12.4 Quality and Quality Management Metrics 347
12.5 Lessons Learned for OO Projects 351
12.6 Summary 356
References 357
Chapter 13: Availability Metrics 359
13.1 Definition and Measurements of System Availability 360
13.2 Reliability, Availability, and Defect Rate 362
13.3 Collecting Customer Outage Data for Quality Improvement 366
13.4 In-Process Metrics for Outage and Availability 372
13.5 Summary 394
References 394
Chapter 14: Measuring and Analyzing Customer Satisfaction 375
14.1 Customer Satisfaction Surveys 376
14.1.1 Methods of Survey Data Collection 376
14.1.2 Sampling Methods 377
14.1.3 Sample Size 379
14.2 Analyzing SatisfactionData 381
14.2.1 Specific Attributes and Overall Satisfaction 382
14.3 Satisfaction with Company 388
14.4 How Good Is Good Enough? 390
15.5 Summary 410
References 411
Chapter 16: Conducting Software Project Assessments 413
16.1 Audit and Assessment 414
16.2 Software Process Maturity Assessment and Software Project Assessment 415
16.3 Software Process Assessment Cycle 417
16.4 A Proposed Software Project Assessment Method 420
16.4.1 Preparation Phase 421
16.4.2 Facts Gathering Phase 1 422
16.4.3 Questionnaire Customization and Finalization 423
16.4.4 Facts Gathering Phase 2 425
16.4.5 Possible Improvement Opportunities and Recommendations 426
16.4.6 Team Discussions of Assessment Results and Recommendations 428
16.4.7 Assessment Report 429
16.4.8 Summary 433
16.5 Summary 434
References 435
Chapter 17: Dos and Don'ts of Software Process Improvement 437
17.1 Measuring Process Maturity 438
17.2 Measuring Process Capability 440
17.3 Staged versus Continuous--Debating Religion 440
17.4 Measuring Levels Is Not Enough 441
17.5 Establishing the Alignment Principle 443
17.6 Take Time Getting Faster 444
17.7 Keep It Simple--or Face Decomplexification 446
17.8 Measuring the Value of Process Improvement 447
17.9 Measuring Process Adoption 448
17.10 Measuring Process Compliance 449
17.11 Celebrate The Journey, Not Just the Destination 450
17.12 Summary 451
References 452
Chapter 18: Using Function Point Metrics to Measure
Software Process Improvement 453
18.1 Software Process Improvement Sequences 455
18.1.1 Stage 0: Software Process Assessment and Baseline 455
18.1.2 Stage 1: Focus on Management Technologies 456
18.1.3 Stage 2: Focus on Software Processes and Methodologies 457
18.1.4 Stage 3: Focus on New Tools and Approaches 457
18.1.5 Stage 4: Focus on Infrastructure and Specialization 457
18.1.6 Stage 5: Focus on Reusability 458
18.1.7 Stage 6: Focus on Industry Leadership 458
18.2 Process Improvement Economies 459
18.3 Measuring Process Improvements at Activity Levels 462
18.4 Summary 466
References 467
Chapter 19: Concluding Remarks 469
19.1 Data Quality Control 470
19.2 Getting Started with a Software Metrics Program 472
19.3 Software Quality Engineering Modeling 475
19.4 Statistical Process Control in Software Development 481
19.5 Measurement and the Future 484
References 485
Appendix: A Project Assessment Questionnaire 487
Index 509
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