片断：Chapter1IntroductiontoBioorganicChemistry"llmightbehelpful10rrminiliwrselvesrcglariyofthesizcttbleincompletenessofourunderstanding.notonlyofourselves（tsindividualsandusilgroup，hutalsoofNatureandtheworldaroundus.N.Hai-kermanScience183.907（1974）1.1BasicConsiderationsAmongthefirstpersonstodevelopbioorientedorganicprojectswasF.H.Westheimer.inthe1950s.Hewasprobabiythefirstphysicalorganicchemisttodoseriousstudiesot'biochemicalreactions.However.itwasonlytwentyvearslaterthatthefieldblossumedtowhatisnowacceptedasbioorganicchemistry.Bioorganicchemistrvisadisciplinethatisessentialtyconcernedwiththeapplicationofthetoolsot'chemistrytotheunderstandingolbio-chemicalprocesses.Suchanunderstandingisot'tenachievedwiththeaidot'moleculurmodelschemicallysynthesizedinthelaboratory.Thisallowsa"sortingout"ofthemanyvariableparameterssimultaneouslyoperativewithinthebiologicalsystem.Forexample.howdoesabiologicatmembranework？Onebuildsasimplemodelofknowncompositionsandstudiesasinglebehavior，suchasaniontransportproperty.Howdoesthebrainwork？Thisisbyfarz，morecomplicatedsystemthanthepreviouscxample.Againonestudiessinglesynapsesandsinglesynaptieconstituentsandthenasestheobservationstoconstructamodel.Organicchemistsdevelopsyntheticmethodologytobetterunderstandorganicmechanismsandcreatenewcompounds.Ontheotherhand，biochemistsstudylifeprocessesbymeansofbiochemicalmethodology：enzymepurificationandassay，radioisotopictracerstudiesininvivosystems.Theformerpossessthemethodologytosynthesizebiologicalanalogsbutoftenfailtoappreciatewhichsynthesiswouldberelevant.Thelatterpossessanappreciationofwhatwouldbeusefultosynthesizeinthelaboratorybutnottheexpertisetopursuetheproblem.Theneedforthemultidisciplinaryapproachbecomesobvious，andthebioorganicchemistwilloftenhavetwolaboratories：oneforsynthesisandanotherforbiologicalstudy.Anewdimensionresultsfromthiscombinationofchemicalandbiologicalsciences，thatis，theconceptofmodelbuildingtostudyandsortoutthevariousparametersofacomplexbiologicalprocess.Bymeansofsimpleorganicmodels，manybiologicalreactionsaswellasthespecificityandefficiencyoftheenzymesinvolvedhavebeenrepro-ducedinthetesttube.Thesuccessofmanyofthesemodelsindicatestheprogressthathasbeenmadeinunderstandingthechemistryoperativeinbiologicalsystems.Extrapolationofthismultidisciplmarysciencetothepathologicalstateisamajorthemeofthepharmaceuticalindustry-organicchemistsandpharmacologistsworking"sidebyside，"sothatbioorganicchemistryistobiochemistryandmedicinalchemistryistopharmacology.Whatarethetoolsneededforbioorganicmodelstudies？Organicandphysicalorganicchemicalprincipleswillprovide.bytheirverynature，thebestopportunitiesformodelbuilding-modelingmoleculareventsthatformthebasisoflife.Alargeportionoforganicchemistryhasbeenclassicallydevotedtonaturalproducts.Manyofthoseresultshaveturnedouttobewonderfultoolsforthediscoveryandcharacterizationofspecificmoleculareventsinlivingsystems.Think，forinstance，ofthedevelop-mentofantibiotics，certainalkaloids，andthedesignofnewdrugsforthemedicineot'todayandtomorrow.Alllivingprocessesrequireenergy，whichisobtainedbyperformingchemicalreactionsinsidecells.Thesebiochemicalprocessesarebasedonchemicaldynamicsandinvolvereductionsandoxidations.Biologicaloxidationsarethusthemainsourceofenergytodriveanumberofendergonicbiologicaltransformations.Manyofthereactionsinvolvecombustionoffoodssuchassugarsandlipidstoproduceenergythatisusedforavarietyofessentialfunctionssuchasgrowth，replication，maintenance，muscularwork.andheatpro-duction.Thesetransformationsarealsorelatedtooxygenuptake;breathingisabiochemicalprocessbywhichmolecularoxygenisreducedtowater.Throughoutthesepathways，energyisstoredintheformofadenosnetriphosphate（ATP），anenergy-richcompoundknownastheuniversalproductofenergetictransactions.
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