用个人计算机做物理实验

     Contents
   Part 1 Mechanics
    Fourier Analysis of Some Simple Periodic Signals
    By R. Lincke (With 17 Figures)
    1.1 Apparatus
    1.2 Programs
    1.3 Experiments
    1.3.1 Simple Harmonic Wave
    1.3.2 Beats
    1.3.3 Amplitude Modulation
    1.3.4 Rectangles
    1.4 Didactic and Pedagogical Aspects
    References
    Appendix l.A
    Point Mechanics by Experiments -
    Direct Access to Motion Data
    By R. Dengler and K. Luchner (With 20 Figures)
    2.1 Introduction
    2.2 ORVICO
    2.2.1 Principle
    2.2.2 Hardware
    2.2.3 Software
    2.3 Examples
    2.3.1 Ballistic Motion
    2.3.2 The Rigid Pendulum
    2.3.3 Frame of Reference
    2.3.4 Statistical Motion on an Air Table
    2.3.5 Spheric Pendulum
    2.3.6 Two Point Masses Observed
    2.4 Conclusion
    References
   Part 11 Thermodynamics
    Application of PID Control to a Thermal Evaporation Source
    By B. D. Hall (With 12 Figures)
    3.1 Introduction
    3.2 The System to be Controlled:
    An Inert-Gas-Aggregation Source
    3.2.1 Background
    3.2.2 The Inert-Gas-Aggregation Technique
    3.2.3 A Description
    of a Real Inert-Gas-Aggregation Source
    3.3 Description of the PID Control Algorithm
    3.3.1 The PID Control Algorithm
    3.4 I mplementing the PID Algorithm on a Computer
    3.4.1 Program Structure and the Use of Interrupts
    3.5 Adjusting the PID
    3.5.1 The Ziegler-Nichols' Methods
    3.6 Possibilities Offered by the Leman Source
    3.7 Conclusions
    Acknowledgements
    References
    Computer Control of the Measurement of Thermal Conductivity
    By B. W. James (With 17 Figures)
    4.1 Thermal Conductivity
    4.1.1 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity
    with Parallel Heat Flow
    4.1.2 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity
    with Non-Parallel Heat Flow
    4.2 Experimental Considerations
    4.2.1 The Thermocouple as a Temperature
    Measuring Device
    4.2.2. The AD595 Thermocouple Amplifier
    Integrated Circuit
    4.2.3 Thermocouple Accuracy
    4.2.4 Calibration of the Thermocouples
    4.2.5 Thermocouple Selection Multiplexing Circuit
    4.2.6 Multiplexor Control
    4.2.7 The IEEE-488 Bus Interface Unit
    4.2.8 The Control and Measurement Software
    4.2.9 Discussion of the Experiment
    4.3 The Computer Simulation
    References
    Appendix 4.A.
    Appendix 4.B
   Part III Solid State Physics
    Experiments with High-Tc Superconductivity
    By M. Ottenberg and B. M. Staudenmaier (With 4'Figures)
    5.1 Experimental Setup
    5.1.1 The Apparatus
    5.1.2 Electronics
    5.1.3 Computer, Interface and Software
    5.2 Measurements
    5.2.1 Resistance Measurement
    5.2.2 Tunnel Diode Oscillator Measurernent
    5.3 Results
    5.3.1 Detailed Analysis of the Resistance
    and TDO Measurements
    5.3.2 Thermodynamic and Calorimentric Results
    5.3.3 Experience Within the Laboratory Course
    References
    Appendix 5.A: Electric Circuit Diagrams
    Appendix 5.B: Spline Fit Program SPLFIT
    Computer Control of Low Temperature
    Specific Heat Measurement
    By G. Keeler (With 13 Figures)
    6.1 Basic Physics
    6.1.1 Specific Heat
    6.1.2 Low Temperature Specific Heat
    6.1.3 The Debye Model for the Specific Heat
    6.1.4 Specific Heat Anomalies
    6.2 Experimental Setup
    6.2.1 Specimen
    6.2.2 Apparatus
    6.2.3 Electronics
    6.2.4 Microcomputer Control
    6.3 Measurements and Results
    6.3.1 Measurement Principles
    6.3.2 Using the Computer Program
    6.3.3 Typical Results
    6.4 Discussion
    References
    Appendix 6.A: Circuit Diagrams
    Appendix 6.B: Program Listing
    7. Computer-Controlled Observations
    of Surface Plasmon-Polaritons
    By A. D. BoaTdman, A. M. Moghadam and J. L. Bingham
    (With 14 Figures)
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 A Computer-Controlled ATR Experiment
    7.2.1 Prism Geometry
    7.2.2 Computer Control of ATR Measurements
    7.3 Comments on the Mechanics Design
    and the Computer Interface
    7.4 Conclusion
    References
   Part IV Optics and Atomic Physics
    8. Molecular Spectroscopy of 12
    By V. Diemer and B. J. Jodl (With 8 Figures)
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Some Basic Physics of the Diatomic Molecule
    8.3 Experimental Setup
    8.3.1 The Classical Arrangement
    8.3.2 Extensions: Online Use of a Computer
    8.4 Measurements
    8.4.1 Calibration of the System
    8.4.2 Recording the Absorption Spectra
    8.4.3 Recording the Fluorescence Spectra
    8.4.4 Some Additional Features of the Program LAmDA
    8.5 Analysis of the Spectra Using the Program JOD
    8.5.1 Analysis of Absorption Spectra
    8.5.2 Some Optional Exercises
    8.6 Pedagogical Aspects
    References
    9. Optical Transfer Functions
    By H. Pulvermacher (With 14 Figures)
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Mathematical Tools
    9.2.1 Fourier Transforms
    9.2.2 Theory of Transfer Functions
    9.2.3 Imaging with Space Invariant Systems
    9.2.4 Coherent Optics
    9.2.5 Incoherent Optics
    9.2.6 Exercises and Questions
    9.3 Experimental Set Up
    9.3.1 Preliminary Considerations
    9.3.2 The Optics
    9.3.3 The Test Object
    9.3.4 The Electronics
    9.3.5 The Adjustment
    9.3.6 The Software for Experimentation and Evaluation
    9.4 Evaluation
    9.4.1 The Tasks
    9.4.2 The General Procedure of Evaluation
    9.4.3 Influence of the Detector Slit
    9.4.4 Pure Defect of Focus
    9.4.5 Diffraction and Defect of Focus
    9.4.6 Quasi-Coherent Illumination
    9.5 Didactic and Pedagogical Aspects
    9.5.1 Goals
    9.5.2 Interpretation of Data
    9.5.3 Presentation of Data
    9.5.4 Complications and Limitations of the Model
    9.5.5 Applications of Fourier Optics
    Appendix 9.A: Diffraction by a Sector Star
    References
   Part V Nuclear Physics
    10. Nuclear Spectrometry Using a PC Converted
    to a Multichannel Analyser
    By J. S. Braunsfurth (With 13 Figures)
    10.1 Introduction
    10.1.1 Hardware Concept
    10.1.2 Target Group
    10.1.3 MCA Design Alternatives
    10.2 Basic Physics
    10.2.1 Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation
    with Matter
    10.2.2 Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation in Matter
    10.2.3 Interaction of Particle Radiation with Matter
    10.2.4 Bremsstrahlung
    10.2.5 X-Ray Fluorescence
    10.3 Detectors and Measuring Equipment
    10.3.1 Scintillation Detectors for B and r Spectrometry
    10.3.2 Signal Recording Equipment;
    the Multichannel Analyser
    10.3.3 Energy Resolution of a Detector
    10.3.4 Radiation Detection Efficiency
    10.4 Experimental Setup
    10.4.1 Hardware Setup
    10.4.2 General Structure of the MCA Program;
    Program Kemel
    10.4.3 MCA Program Menues
    10.5 Experiments
    10.5.1 General Considerations
    10.5.2 r-Ray Absorption; Radiation Intensity Buildup
    by Compton Interaction
    10.5.3 B Spectrum; Energy Loss of Electrons in Matter
    10.6 Student Reactions
    References
    11. Parity Violation in the Weak Interaction
    By E. Kankeleit, E. Jager, C. Muntz, M. D. Rhein,
    and P. Schwxalbach (With 7 Figures)
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 Basic Physics
    11.3 Experimental Setup
    11.3.1 Electronics
    11.3.2 Software
    11.4 Measurements and Results
    11.4.1 General Remarks
    11.4.2 Energy Calibration
    11.4.3 Background Measurement
    11.4.4 Measurement of the f Polarization
    11.4.5 Results and Discussion
    11.5 Didactic and Pedagogical Aspects
    References
    12. Receiving and Interpreting Orbital Satellite Data.
    A Computer Experiment for Educational Purposes
    By T. Kessler, S. M. Ruger and W.-D. Woidt (With 13 Figures)
    12.1 Introduction
    12.2 The UoSAT Satellites
    12.3 The Receiving System
    12.4 Discriminating Valid Data from Noise and Interference
    12.5 The Real Time Data Acquisition System
    12.6 Whole Orbit Data Analysis
    12.7 Practical Experience and Further Aspects
    Acknowledgements (from the third author)
    References
   Subject Index