Contents
I Fundamentals
1 Technology’s Impact on Programs
1.1 Terminology of Change
1.2 Time and Speed
1.3 Multiprogramming and Time Sharing
1.4 Concurrency at the Application Level
1.5 Security and Fault Tolerance
1.6 Buffer Overflows for Breaking and Entering
1.7 UNIX Standards
1.8 Additional Reading
2 Programs,Processes and Threads
2.1 How a Program Becomes a Process
2.2 Threads and Thread of Execution
2.3 Layout of a Program Image
2.4 Library Function Calls
2.5 Function Return Values and Errors
2.6 Argument Arrays
2.7 Thread-Safe Functions
2.8 Use of Static Variables
2.9 Structure of Static Objects
2.10 Process Environment
2.11 Process Termination
2.12 Exercise:An env Utility
2.13 Exercise:Message Logging
2.14 Additional Reading
3 Processes in UNIX
3.1 Process Identification
3.2 Process State
3.3 UNIX Process Creation and fork
3.4 The wait Function
3.5 The exec Function
3.6 Background Processes and Daeons
3.7 Critical Sections
3.8 Exercise:Process Chains
3.9 Exercise:Process Fans
3.10 Additional Reading
4 UNIX I /O
4.1 Device Terminology
4.2 Reading and Writing
4.3 Opening and Closing Files
4.4 The select Function
4.5 The poll Function
4.6 File Representation
4.7 Filters and Redirection
4.8 File Control
4.9 Exercise:Atomis Logging
4.10 Exercise:A cat Utility
4.11 Additional Reading
5 Files and Directories
5.1 UNIX File System Navigation
5.2 Directory Access
5.3 UNIX File System Implementation
5.4 Hand Links and Symbolic Links
5.5 Exercise:The which Command
5.6 Exercise: Biffing
5.7 Exercise:News biff
5.8 Exercise:Traversing Directories
5.9 Additional Reading
6 UNIX Special Files
6.1 Pipes
6.2 Pipelines
6.3 FIFOs
6.4 Pipes and the Client-Server Model
6.5 Terminal Control
6.6 Audio Device
6.7 Exercise:Audio
6.8 Exercise:Barriers
6.9 Exercise:The stty Command
6.10 Exercyse:Client-Server Revisited
6.11 Additional Reading
7 Project:The Token Ring
7.1 Ring Topology
7.2 Ring Formation
7.3 Ring Exploration
7.4 Simple Communication
7.5 Mutual Exclusion with Tokens
7.6 Mutual Exclusion by Voting
7.7 Leader Election on an Anonymous Ring
7.8 Token Ring for Communication
7.9 Pipelined Preprocessor
7.10 Parallel Ring Algorithms
7.11 Flexible Ring
7.12 Additional Reading
II Asynchronous Events
8 Signals
8.1 Basic Signal Concepts
8.2 Generating Signals
8.3 Manipulating Signal Masks and Signal Sets
8.4 Catching and Ignoring Signals—sigaction
8.5 Waiting for Signals—pause,sigsuspend and sigwait
8.6 Handling Signals:Errors and Async-signal Safety
8.7 Program Control with siglongjmp and sigsetjmp
8.8 Programming with AsynchronousI/O
8.9 Exercise:Dumping Statistics
8.10 Exercise:Spooling a Slow Device
8.11 Additional Reading
9 Times and Timers
9.1 POSIX Times
9.2 Sleep Functions
9.3 POSIX:XSI Interval Timers
9.4 Realtime Signals
9.5 POSIX:TMR Interval Timers
9.6 Timer Drift,Overruns and Absolute Time
9.7 Additional Reading
10 Project:Virtual Timers
10.1 Project Overview
10.2 Simple Timers
10.3 Setting One of Five Single Timers
10.4 Using Multiple Timers
10.5 A Robust Implementation of Multiple Timers
10.6 POSIX:TMR T imer Implementation
10.7 Mycron,a Small Cron Facility
10.8 Additional Reading
11 Project:Cracking Shells
11.1 Building a Simple Shell
11.2 Redirection
11.3 Pipelines
11.4 Signal Handling in the Foreground
11.5 Process Groups,Sessions and Controlling Terminals
11.6 Background Processes in ush
11.7 Job Control
11.8 JobControl for ush
11.9 Additional Reading
III Concurrency
12 POSIX Threads
12.1 A Motivating Problem:Monitoring File Descriptors
12.2 Use of Threads to Monitor Multiple File Descriptors
12.3 Thread Management
12.4 Thread Safety
12.5 User Threads versus Kernel Threads
12.6 Thread Attributes
12.7 Exercise:Paralel File Copy
12.8 Additional Reading
13 Thread Synchronization
13.1 POSIX Synchronization Functions
13.2 Mutex Locks
13.3 At-Most-Once and At-Least-Once-Execution
13.4 Condition Variables
13.5 Signal Handling and Threads
13.6 Readers and Writers
13.7 A strerror_r Implementation
13.8 Deadlocks and Other Pesky Problems
13.9 Exercise:Multiple Barriers
13.10 Additional Reading
14 Critical Sections and Semaphores
14.1 Dealing with Critical Sections
14.2 Semaphores
14.3 POSIX:SEM Unnamed Semaphores
14.4 POSIX:SEM Semaphore Operations
14.5 POSIX:SEM Named Semaphores
14.6 Exercise:License Manager
14.7 Additional Reading
15 POSIX IPC
15.1 POSIX:XSI Interprocess Communication
15.2 POSIX:XSI Semaphore Sets
15.3 POSIX:XSI Shared Memory
15.4 POSIX:XSI Message Queues
15.5 Exercise:POSIX Unnamed Semaphores
15.6 Exercise:POSIX Named Semaphores
15.7 Exercise:Implementing Pipes with Shared Memory
15.8 Exercise:Implementing Pipes with Message Queues
15.9 Additional Reading
16 Project:Producer Consumer Synchronization
16.1 The Producer-Consumer roblem
16.2 B ounded Buffer Protected by Mutex Locks
16.3 Buffer Implementation with Semaphores
16.4 Introduction to a Simple Producer-Consumer Problem
16.5 Bounded Buffer Implementation Using Condition Variables
16.6 Buffers with Done Conditions
16.7 Parallel File Copy
16.8 Threaded Print Server
16.9 Additional Reading
17 Project:The Not Too Parallel Virtual Machine
17.1 PVM History, Terminology,and Architecture
17.2 The Not Too Parallel Virtual Machine
17.3 NTPVM Project Overview
17.4 I/O and Testing of Dispatcher
17.5 Single Task with No Input
17.6 Sequential Tasks
17.7 Concurrent Tasks
17.8 Packet Communication,Broadcast and Barriers
17.9 Termination and Signals
17.10 Ordered Message Delivery
17.11 Additional Reading
IV Communication
18 Connection-Oriented Communication
18.1 The Client-Server Modle
18.2 Communication Channels
18.3 Connection-Oriented Server Strategies
18.4 Universal Internet Communication Interface(UICI)
18.5 UICI Imlementations of Different Server Strategies
18.6 UICI Clients
18.7 Socket Implementatiln of UICI
18.8 Host Names and IP Addresses
18.9 Thread-Safe UICI
18.10 Exercise:Ping Server
18.11 Exercise:Transmission of Audio
18.12 Additional Reading
19 Project:WWW Redirection
19.1 The World Wide Web
19.2 Uniform Resource Locators(URLs)
19.3 http Primer
19.4 Web Communication Patterns
19.5 Pass-through Monitoring of Single Connections
19.6 Tunnel Server Implementation
19.7 Server Driver for Testing
19.8 HTTP Header Parsing
19.9 Simple Proxy Server
19.10 Proxy Monitor
19.11 Proxy Cache
19.12 Gateways as Portals
19.13 Gateway for Load Balancing
19.14 Postmortem
19.15 Additional Reading
20 Connectionless Communication and Multicasst
20.1 Introduction to Connectionless Communication
20.2 Simplifie Interface for Connectionless Communication
20.3 Simple-Request Protocols
20.4 Request-Reply Protocols
20.5 Request-Reply with Timeouts and Retries
20.6 Request-Reply-Acknowledge Protocols
20.7 Implementation of UICI UDP
20.8 Comparison of UDP and TCP
20.9 Multicast
20.10 Exercise:UDP Port Server
20.11 Exercise:Stateless File Server
20.12 Additional Reading
21 Project:Internet Radio
21.1 Project Overview
21.2 Audio Device Simulation
21.3 UDP Implementation with One Program and One Receiver
21.4 UDP Implementation with Multiple Programs and Receivers
21.5 UDP Implementation of Radio Broadcasts
21.6 Multicast Implementation of Radio Broadcasts
21.7 TCP Implementation Differences
21.8 Receiving Streaming Audio Through a Browser
21.9 Additional Reading
22 Project: Server Performance
22.1 Server Performance Costs
22.2 Server Architectures
22.3 Roject Overview
22.4 Single-Client Driver
22.5 Multiple-Client Driver
22.6 Thread-per-request and Process- per-request Implementations
22.7 Thread-worker-pool Strategy
22.8 Thread-worker Pool with Bounded Buffer
22.9 Process-worker Pool
22.10 Influence of Disk I/O
22.11 Performance Studies
22.12 Report Writing
22.13 Additional Reading
Appendices
A UNIX Fundamentals
A.1 Manual Pages
A.2 Compilation
A.3 Makefiles
A.4 Debugging Aids
A.5 Identifiers,Storage Classes and Linkage Classes
A.6 Additional Reading
B Restart Library
C UICI Implementation
C.1 Connection-Oriented UICI TCP Implementation
C.2 Name Resolution Implementations
C.3 Connectionless UICI UDP Implementation
D Logging Functions
D.1 Local Atomic Logging
D.2 Remote Logging
E POSIX Extensions
Bibiography
Program Index
Inedx
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