list of illustrations
preface
1 introduction：the german land s and people
2 mediaeval germany
the beginnings of german history
germany in the early and high middle ages
germany in the later middle ages
3 the age of confes sionali sm，1500-1648
the german reformation：the early years
the german peasants’war
the development of the german reformation
germany in the age of counter-reformation
thethirtyyearswar
the peace of westphalia and the effects of the war
4 the age of ab soluti sm．1648-1815
absolutism and the rise of prussia
religion，culture and enlightenment
the impact of the french revolution
5 the age of indu striali satl0n，1815-19l8
restoration germany,1815-48
the revolutions of 1848
the unification of germany
germany under bismarck
society and politics in wilhelmine germany
culture in imperial germany
foreign policy and the first world war
6 democracy and dictatorship，1918-45
the weimar republic：origins and early years
the period of apparent stabilisation
the collapse of weimar democracy
the consolidation of hitler’s power
foreign policy and war
holocaust，resistance and defeat
7 the two germanies，1945-90
the creation of the two germanies
from establishment to conso“dation
politics in the two germanies，1949-89
economy and society in west germany
economy and society in the gdr，1949-89
the revolution of 1989 and the unification of germany
8 the federal republic of germany since 1990
9 pattern s and problem s of german hi story
suggestions for further reading
index
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