Abstract
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1.Research Questions
1.2.Underlying Theoretical Framework——Typological Approach and Universals
1.3.Typological Approach and Second Language Acquisition
1.3.1.Typological Approach in Second Language Acquisition
1.3.2.Typological Universals to Be Tested in the Study
1.4.Significance of the Research
1.5.Organisation of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1.Typology and Universals
2.1.1.A Brief History of Typology
2.1.2.Approaches in Typology
2.1.3.Crosslinguistic Patterns Regarding Word Order Universals and Grammatical Hierarchies
2.1.3.1.Word Order Universals
2.1.3.2.Grammatical Hierarchies
2.1.3.3.Some Recently Motivated Implicational Hierarchies/Hypotheses
2.1.4.Summary
2.2.Second Language Acquisition
2.2.1.An Overview.Theory and Practice in Second Language Acquisition
2.2.1.1. Contrastive Analysis
2.2.1.2.Error Analysis：and Interlanguage Theory
2.2.1.3.Monitor Theory
2.2.1.4.Variation（and Functionalism）
2.2.1.5.Universal Approaches.
2.2.2.Studies of Interlanguage in Question Formation：a Typological Approach
2.2.3.Studies of Interlanguage in Relative Clause Formation
2.2.3.1.Relative Clause Formation in SLA：an Overview
2.2.3.2.Relative Clause Formation in SLA：the Accessibility Hierarchy
Chapter 3 Methodology
3.1.The Study
3.1.1.Background of the Study
3.1.2.Procedure of Data Collection and Participants
3.1.3.Difficulties Encountered in the Sampling Procedure
3.2.The Tasks
3.2.1.Conversation——Interview and Role-Play with Cue Card
3.2.2.Elicited Repetition
3.2.3.Sentence Combination
3.2.4.Grammaticality Judgment
3.2.5.Free Essay Writing
3.3.Data Processing
Chapter 4 Results and Analysis of Findings
4.1.Results Regarding Implicational Universals of Yes/No and Wh Questions
4.1.1.Results of Data
4.1.2.InterDretation of Data and Discussion
4.1.3.Summary
4.2.Resutts Regarding Acquisition of Relative Clauses with Reference to the ACCessibility Hierarchy
4.2.1.Results from the Repetition Task
4.2.2.Results from the Sentence Combination Task
4.2.3.Results from the Grammaticality Judgment Task
4.2.4.Results from the Conversation and Subiects'Written Essays
4.2.5.Results of Various RC-Related Non-Standard Forms
4.2.5.1.RC-Related Non-Standard Forms in Different 7asks
4.2.5.2.RC-Related Non-Standard Forms via English Proficiency Levels
4.2.5.3.RC-Related Non Standard Forms via First Languages
4.2.6.Summary
4.3.Results Regarding Other Implicational Universals
4.3.1.Results Regarding the Clause Embedding Hierarchy
4.3.2.Results Regarding the Subordinate Gap/No GapHierarchy
4.3.3.Results Regarding the Hierarchy for Complementisers
4.3.4.Results Regarding the Bridging Verb Hierarchy
4.3.5.Results Regarding the Head Noun Phrase Hierarchy
4.3.6.Results Regarding the Valency Completeness Hypothesis
4.3.7.Summary
4.4.Results Regarding Interlanguage Features in Naturalistic Data
4.4.1.Overall Results from the Conversation and Written Essays
4.4.2.Results Examined by Different English Proficiency Level Groups
4.4.3.Results Examined by Different First Language Groups
4.4.4.Summary
Chapter 5 Summary of Major Theoretical Findings
5.1.Findings Regarding the Acquisition of English Interrogative Questions
5.2.Findings Regarding the Acquisition of English Restrictive Rdative Clauses
5.3.Findings Regarding Other Implicational Universals
5.4.Summary
Chapter 6 Concluding Remarks
6.1.Methodological Limitations of the Study
6.2.Use of SLA Data for the Evaluation of Typological Universals
6.3.Some Theoretical Issues Arising from the Study That Warrant FutResearch
APPENDICES
Appendix Ⅰ Table of Universals 7ested，Data Coilcctcd and Methods Used in the Study
Appendix Ⅱ Profiles of the Subjects
Appendix Ⅲ Tasks for Data Collection
Appendix Ⅳ Counts of Instances in Features of Question Word Order
Appendix Ⅴ （A）Definitions of Features for the Repetition Task and （B）Individual Performances in the Repetition Task
Appendix Ⅵ （A）Definitions of Features for the Sentence Combination Task and （B）Individual Performances in theSentence Combination Task.
Appendix Ⅶ Individual Performances in the Grammaticality Judgment Task（Items Relating to Relative Clauses）
Appendix Ⅷ Counts of Relatives Clauses in the Subjects'Speech and Written Essays
Appendix Ⅸ Individual Performances in the Grammaticality Judgment Task（Items Relating to Implicational Universals）（A ＆ B）
Appendix Ⅹ Aggregate Counts of Instances of Different Features in the Conversation Data
Appendix Ⅺ Aggregate Counts of Instances of Different Features in the Subjects'Written Essays
Bibliography
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