1 Realizing National IndCpCndCnCC and People’s Liberation
The Nationa0 Crisis in Modern Times and the Rise of Revolutionary Movements
The Spread of Marxism and Leninism and
the Founding of the Communist Party of China
National Revolution Against the Western Powers and Chinese Warlords
Opening a Revolutionary Road:Armed Struggles and Enclosing Cities with Rural Areas
Organizing the Broad Masses to Fight the Japanese Invaders
The Founding of New China
2 Establishing the Socialist System;
Beginning Large—scale ConstructionConsolidating the New Government and
Restoring the National Economy
Land Reform and Social Reform
Initial Efforts to TUm a Backward Agricultural Country into an Advanced Industrial One
The Fundamental Socialist Political System
The people's congress system
Multi-party cooperation and political consultation
Ethnic autonomy
Independent Self-determined
Foreign Policies of Peace
Seeking a Road of Chmese Socialist Construction and 0nitia0 Success of Economic Work
3 0nto the Socialist Road of Construction with Chinese Characteristics
Turning Point in the History of the PRC
A great turning point Significant changes in economic and political fields
Opening up and Reform,and the Establishment of Socialist Market Economy
Breakthrough in the countryside
Economic reform in the cities
From the first special economic zone to
a11-round opening to the outside world
Beginning of a socialist market economy system
Politica0 Structure Reform and Establishment of Democracy and Rule of Law
The beginning of political structure reform and the setting up of its objectives
Improving the fundamental political system
Gradually realizing the rule of law
Grass-roots autonomy and increasing democracy
Reform of government departments
Policy of freedom of religious belief
Beginning of a New Diplomatic Situation
Independent and self-determined
diplomatic policy of peace
Goodneighborly diplomacy
Relations with big countries and developing countries
Multilateraldiplomacy
Building Modernized National Defense
Strategic change in guiding principle
Cooperation for international security
Promoting the State Reunification Process
The“one countrytwo systems”concept
The return of Hong Kong and Macao
Changes in the relations across the Taiwan Straits
All-round Construction of a Well—off Socialist and Harmonious Society
Reform and development in scienceeducation culture and other social fields
Building an all-round well-off society
Building a harmonious socialist society