This book offers a comprehensive survey of the area of monoids. It includes injective and weakly injective S-acts, the concept of projective S-acts, some fundamental and interesting results concerning strong flatness, condition(P) and flatness of S-acts, some results on homological classification of monoids, the study of sheaves for classes of monoids and S-acts, analogous to the sheaves for classes of rings and modules. This volume will be of interest to researchers, graduate students and scientists of mathematics.