Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Language, Culture, Translation and Intercultural Communication
2.1 Def'mitions of culture
2.2 Classifications of culture
2.3 Language and culture
2.3.1 Language is part of culture
2.3.2 Language is the carrier of culture
2.3.3 Language is the stimulus of culture
2.4 Translation and culture
2.5 The era of intercultural communication
2.5.1 Communication in a global village
2.5.2 Elements of communication
2.5.3 Communication and its characteristics
2.5.4 Stumbling blocks in intercultural communication
Chapter 3 Translation The.odes
3.1 What is translation?
3.2 The nature of translating
3.2.1 Reproducing the message
3.2.2 Equivalence rather than identity
3.2.3 The priority of meaning
3.2.4 The significance of style
3.3 Translation theories
3.3.1 Translation theory in the past and the present
3.3.2 Developments in interlingual studies
3.3.3 Eugene Nida: applying generative grammar to translation
3.4 Translation as a modem means of communication
Chapter 4 Translation Techniques
4.1 The use of componential analysis in translation
4.1.1 Lexical words
4.1.2 Cultural words
4.1.3 Synonyms
4.1.4 Sets and series
4.1.5 Conceptual terms
4.1.6 Words as myths
4.2 The application of case grammar to translation
4.2.1 Translation of missing verbs, i.e. verbal force
4.2.2 The translation of case-gaps
4.3 Literal translation
4.3.1 Varieties of close translation
4.3.2 Faithful and false friends
4.3.3 Words in their context
4.3.4 Elegant variations
4.3.5 Back-translation test (BTT)
4.3.6 Accepted translation
4.3.7 Constraints on literal translation
4.3.8 Natural translation
4.3.9 Re-creative translation
4.3.10 The sub-text
4.3.11 The notion of the "no-equivalent" word
4.3.12 The role of context
4.4 The existing of zero-translation
4.5 Through-translation
4.6 Shifts of transpositions
4.7 Other translation methods
4.7.1 Recognized translation
4.7.2 Word-for-word translation
4.7.3 Faithful translation
4.7.4 Semantic translation
4.7.5 Adaptation
4.7.6 Idiomatic translation
4.7.7 Communicative translation
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