Preparing to write
1 Introduction 3
2 Who is the reader? 4
3 Why di I need to write? 7
4 What shall I write? 9
5 How shall I write? 11
6 Writing process 14
Functions
7 Introduction 19
8 MAking reference 22
9 Polite phrases 24
10 Starting understanding 26
11 Generalising 28
12 Explaining 29
13 Giving opinions and recommendations 31
14 Expressing obligation/necessity 35
15 Expressing degrees of certainty 37
16 Focusing attention 41
17 Contrasting 42
18 Emphasising 44
19 Expressing alternatives 46
20 Giving examples 48
21 Offering further assistance 50
22 Sequencing and listing 52
23 Stating results and consequences 55
24 Stating purpose 57
25 Stating method 58
26 Stating conditions 60
27 Statibg conclusions 64
28 Summarising 66
Cohesion
29 What is cohesion? 71
30 Connectors:Introduction 74
31 Connectors:Adding relevant points 75
32 Connectors:Comparisons/contrasts 77
33 Connectors:In conditional sentences 81
34 Connectors:Giving reasons 82
35 Connectors:Highlighting 84
36 Reference words: Introduction 86
37 Reference words: It/They/Then 87
38 Reference words: This/That/these/those 89
39 Reference words: The former/the latter 91
40 Reference words: Who/which/that 93
41 Reference words: One/ones 95
42 Reference words: Such 97
43 Referring to other parts of the text 98
44 Referring to earlier parts of the text 99
45 Referring forwards 101
46 Referring to visuals 103
Clarity,Style and Tone
47 Introduction 107
48 Clarity 108
49 Style 111
50 Tone 116
Strncture
51 Introduction 123
52 Sequencing ideas 124
53 Paragraphs 125
54 Paragraph linking 128
55 Headings and sub-headings 130
56 Layout of bussiness letters 133
57 Layout of reports 139
58 Layout of memos 150
59 Fax and Electronic mail 154
Punctuation
60 Introduction 159
61 Commas 160
62 Colons 165
63 Semi-colons 167
64 Apostrophes 169
65 Capital letters 173
British and American Spellings
66 Some common differences 179
Common Problems
67 Introduction 183
68 Grammar 184
68 Vocabulary 188
Sample Bussiness Letters
70 Sample letters 201
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