CCNA学习指南（Exam 640-802 英文版）

Part I Introduction to networking
1 Networks 3
Introduction to Networks 4
Network Characteristics 4
Components 5
Network Locations 7
Local Area Networks 7
Wide Area Networks 7
Network Topologies 9
Physical and Logical Topologies 11
Fully and Partially Meshed Topologies 12
Introduction to Network Security 13
Classes of Attacks 14
Common Threats and Mitigation 15
√Two-Minute Drill 21
Q&A Self Test 23
Self Test Answers 25
2 OSI Reference Model 27
Introduction to the OSI Reference Model 28
Layers of the OSI Reference Model 29
Layer 7： The Application Layer 31
Layer 6： The Presentation Layer 31
Layer 5： The Session Layer 32
Layer 4： The Transport Layer 33
Layer 3： The Network Layer 41
Layer 2： The Data Link Layer 46
Layer 1： The Physical Layer 51
Devices 52
Encapsulation and De-encapsulation 53
Going Down the Protocol Stack 55
Going Up the Protocol Stack 56
Layers and Communication 57
√Two-Minute Drill 62
Q&A Self Test 64
Self Test Answers 67
3 Layer 2 LAN Technologies 69
Ethernet Evolution and Standards 70
Ethernet Operation 71
Ethernet Implementations 72
Framing 73
Addressing 78
Bit Values 78
Power of 2 79
Hexadecimal Conversion 80
MAC Addresses 81
Ethernet Connections 82
Cabling Types 82
Ethernet Media Types 89
√Two-Minute Drill 94
Q&A Self Test 95
Self Test Answers 97
4 Bridges and Switches 99
Problems and Limitations of Ethernet 100
Distance and Extension of LANs 100
Collisions， Collision Domains， and Congestion 101
Solutions to Collision Problems 102
Bridges 102
Switches 105
Bridges versus Switches 105
Methods of Switching 107
Duplexing 109
Switching Functions 111
Learning Function 112
Forwarding Function 114
Loops 121
√Two-Minute Drill 124
Q&A Self Test 125
Self Test Answers 127
5 Wireless 129
Wireless LAN Technologies 130
Narrowband， Broadband， and Packet Data Solutions 130
CSMA/CA 131
Radio Frequency Transmission Factors 132
WLAN Standards 133
RF Bands 133
802.11 Standards 134
WLAN Security 136
WLAN Client Access to the Network 136
Security Solutions 137
WLAN Implementation 141
Access Modes 142
Coverage Areas 143
Data Rates 144
WLAN Devices 145
Access Points 145
Clients 146
Troubleshooting 146
√Two-Minute Drill 150
Q&A Self Test 152
Self Test Answers 155
Part II TCP/IP Protocol Suite
6 TCP/IP and the Internet Layer 159
TCP/IP Protocol Stack 160
Internet Layer 160
Introduction to TCP/IP Addressing 163
TCP/IP Internet Protocols 168
DHCP 168
ARP 170
ICMP 176
TCP/IP Tools for Windows PCs 177
ipconfig Command 177
The ping Command 179
The tracert Command 181
The arp Command 182
√Two-Minute Drill 186
Q&A Self Test 188
Self Test Answers 190
7 IP Addressing and Subnetting 193
IP Addressing Review 194
Distinguishing Between Classes of Addresses 195
IP Address Components 196
Subnetting 197
Subnet Masks 198
Subnet Mask Values 199
IP Address Planning 203
Step 1： Determine Network and Host Requirements 204
Step 2： Satisfy Host and Network Requirements 204
Step 3： Determine the Subnet Mask 206
Step 4： Determine the Network Addresses 206
Step 5： Determine the Directed Broadcast Addresses 208
Step 6： Determine the Host Addresses 209
exercise 7-1： Planning IP Addressing Exercise 210
Determining IP Address Components 211
Six-Step Approach for Determining IP Address Components 212
Example #1 for Determining IP Address Components 213
Example #2 for Determining IP Address Components 215
Example #3 for Determining IP Address Components 216
exercise 7-2： Determining Network， Directed Broadcast， and Host　Components 217
√Two-Minute Drill 220
Q&A Self Test 222
Self Test Answers 224
8 VLSM 227
VLSM 228
Features of VLSM 228
Addressing with VLSM 230
VLSM Example 1 232
VLSM Example 2 234
Route Summarization 235
Advantages of Summarization 236
Classless Interdomain Routing 237
Hierarchical Addressing 238
Routing and Subnet Masks 239
The Routing Table 242
Performing Summarization 243
exercise 8-1： Performing Route Summarization 247
exercise 8-2： Verifying Route Summarization 248
√Two-Minute Drill 252
Q&A Self Test 253
Self Test Answers 256
9 TCP/IP and the Transport Layer 259
Transport Layer Functions 260
Flow Control 260
Reliability 261
Multiplexing 262
Segmentation 262
Transport Layer Protocols 262
Transmission Control Protocol 262
User Datagram Protocol 264
TCP and UDP Applications 266
Ports 267
Application Mapping 268
Session Establishment 270
TCP’s Three-Way Handshake 270
TCP’s Sequencing and Acknowledgments 272
TCP’s Flow Control and Windowing 273
√Two-Minute Drill 276
Q&A Self Test 278
Self Test Answers 280
10 Sending and Receiving TCP/IP Packets 281
Network Components and Addressing Review 282
Layer 1 Components 282
Layer 2 Components 282
Layer 3 Components 283
End-to-End Delivery Example 285
PC-A Acquires Addressing Information 286
PC-A Opens Up a Session to PC-B 287
√Two-Minute Drill 294
Q&A Self Test 295
Self Test Answers 297
Part III Cisco Catalyst Switches
11 Cisco IOS Software 301
Introduction to Cisco Device Configuration 302
Router and Switch Connections 303
Device Startup 307
Command-Line Interface (CLI) 308
CLI Access Modes 310
IOS Basics 312
Command Abbreviation and Completion 312
Context-Sensitive Help 313
Error Messages 314
Entering Commands 315
IOS Feature Example 319
exercise 11-1： Using IOS Features 320
Basic IOS Configuration 321
Accessing Configuration Mode 322
Device Identification 322
Subconfiguration Modes 323
Line Configuration 324
Interface Configuration 327
Basic IOS Security Configuration 331
Physical and Environmental Threats 331
Passwords 332
Login Banners 335
IOS Operation and Verification 337
Show and Debug Command Overview 337
Running and Startup Configuration 338
Device Version Information 341
Interface Information 342
exercise 11-2： Using the CLI to Set Up a Basic Router　Configuration 346
√Two-Minute Drill 351
Q&A Self Test 353
Self Test Answers 355
12 Initial Switch Configuration 357
2960 Overview 358
2960 Chassis 359
2960 LEDs and MODE Button 360
MODE Button 360
Switch Startup 361
Switch Bootup Process 362
System Configuration Dialog 364
Basic Switch Configuration 367
IP Address and Default Gateway 367
Example Configuration 368
exercise 12-1： Configuring the Switches 370
Basic Switch Operation and Verification 372
MAC Address Table 372
Static MAC Addresses 373
exercise 12-2： CAM Tables 374
Port Security Feature 375
Port Security Configuration 375
Port Security Verification 377
√Two-Minute Drill 381
Q&A Self Test 383
Self Test Answers 385
13 VLANs and Trunks 387
VLAN Overview 388
Subnets and VLANs 391
Scalability 392
VLANs and Traffic Types 393
VLAN Membership 394
VLAN Connections 395
Access-Link Connections 396
Trunk Connections 396
VLAN Trunk Protocol 403
VTP Modes 405
VTP Messages 406
VTP Pruning 408
VLAN Configuration 412
Configuring VTP 412
Configuring Trunks 415
exercise 13-1： Configuring Trunks on Your Switches 418
Creating VLANs 419
Basic Troubleshooting of VLANs and Trunks 422
exercise 13-2： Configuring VLANs on Your Switches 424
√Two-Minute Drill 428
Q&A Self Test 430
Self Test Answers 432
14 Switches and Redundancy 433
Layer 2 Redundancy 434
Hierarchical Campus Design 434
Layer 2 Issues 436
Spanning Tree Protocol 438
Bridge Protocol Data Units 439
Root Switch 440
Root Port 442
Designated Port 444
Port States 445
Layer 2 Convergence 447
Per-VLAN STP Plus 449
Simple STP Example 450
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol 454
Additional Port Roles 455
RSTP BPDUs 455
RSTP Convergence Features 456
RSTP Configuration 457
PVST+ and RSTP Optimization 459
exercise 14-1： Examining STP Information on Your Switches 461
EtherChannels 462
EtherChannel Overview 462
EtherChannel Configuration 464
STP Troubleshooting 465
Loop Identification 465
Configuration Remedies 465
√Two-Minute Drill 468
Q&A Self Test 470
Self Test Answers 472
Part IV Cisco Routers and LANs
15 Routers and Routing 477
Routing Introduction 479
Types of Routes 479
Autonomous Systems 480
Administrative Distance 481
Dynamic Routing Protocols 482
Routing Metrics 483
Distance Vector Protocols 484
Link State Protocols 486
Hybrid Protocols 489
Distance Vector Protocol Problems and Solutions 490
Problem： Convergence 490
Problem： Routing Loops 496
√Two-Minute Drill 504
Q&A Self Test 506
Self Test Answers 508
16 Initial Router Configuration 511
Router Hardware Components 512
Read-Only Memory (ROM) 512
Other Components 513
Router Bootup Process 514
Bootstrap Program 516
System Configuration Dialog 519
Configuration Register 522
AutoSecure 526
Router Configuration 531
Interface Configuration 532
Subnet Zero Configuration 536
Static Host Configuration 536
exercise 16-1： Using IOS Features 538
Router-on-a-Stick 540
Subinterface Configuration 540
Interface Encapsulation 541
Router-on-a-Stick Example Configuration 542
√Two-Minute Drill 546
Q&A Self Test 548
Self Test Answers 550
17 IOS Device Management 553
Router Configuration Files 554
Saving Configuration Files 554
Restoring Configuration Files 556
Creating and Deleting Configuration Files 557
Configuration File Nomenclature 558
Review of Configuration Files 559
exercise 17-1： Manipulating Your Router’s Configuration Files 560
Changes in Your Network 561
Adding Devices 562
Changing Devices 562
IOS Image Files 563
Naming Conventions for IOS Images 564
Before Upgrading the IOS Image 565
Backing Up an IOS Image 566
Loading an IOS Image 566
Remote Access to Your IOS Device 568
SSH vs Telnet Access 569
SSH Configuration 570
Basic Troubleshooting 571
Local ARP Table 572
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) 573
Layer 3 Connectivity Testing 577
Layer 7 Connectivity Testing 584
Debug Overview 587
exercise 17-2： Using the Router’s Troubleshooting Tools 589
√Two-Minute Drill 592
Q&A Self Test 594
Self Test Answers 596
18 Security Device Manager 599
Introduction to SDM 600
PC Requirements 601
Router Requirements and SDM Files 602
Necessary Router Configuration 603
Accessing SDM 605
Basic Router Configuration Using SDM 609
Configure Screens 609
Interfaces 613
DHCP Setup 615
Basic Router Monitoring Using SDM 620
√Two-Minute Drill 624
Q&A Self Test 625
Self Test Answers 627
Part V Routing
19 Basic Routing 631
Static Routes 632
Static Route Configuration 633
Default Route Configuration 634
Default Routes and Distance Vector Protocols 635
Static Route Verification and Troubleshooting 636
exercise 19-1： Static Route Configuration 637
exercise 19-2： Basic IP and Routing Troubleshooting 639
Dynamic Routing Protocol Basics 642
The router Command 643
The network Command 644
RIP 646
RIP Operation 646
RIP Configuration 649
RIP Verification and Troubleshooting 652
exercise 19-3： Configuring RIP 656
exercise 19-4： Basic RIP Troubleshooting 659
√Two-Minute Drill 664
Q&A Self Test 665
Self Test Answers 667
20 OSPF Routing 669
OSPF Overview 670
Hierarchical Design： Areas 671
Metric Structure 673
OSPF Operation 674
Router Identities 674
Finding Neighbors 675
Designated and Backup Designated Routers 676
Sharing Routing Information 678
OSPF Configuration 681
Loopback Interfaces 683
Default Route Propagation 684
OSPF Metric Values 685
OSPF Authentication 686
OSPF Troubleshooting 688
The show ip protocolsCommand 688
The show ip route Command 689
The show ip ospf Command 690
The show ip ospf interface Command 691
The show ip ospf neighbor Command 692
The debug ip ospf adj Command 693
The debug ip ospf events Command 693
The debug ip ospf packet Command 694
exercise 20-1： Configuring OSPF 695
exercise 20-2： Troubleshooting OSPF 697
√Two-Minute Drill 702
Q&A Self Test 704
Self Test Answers 706
21 EIGRP Routing 709
EIGRP Overview 710
Metrics and Interoperability 711
Routing Tables and Updates 711
EIGRP Operation 712
Building Neighbor Relationships 713
Choosing Routes 714
EIGRP Configuration 716
EIGRP Configuration Example 716
Other EIGRP Commands 718
EIGRP Troubleshooting 723
The show ip protocols Command 723
The show ip route Command 724
The show ip eigrp neighbors Command 725
The show ip eigrp topology Command 727
The show ip eigrp interfaces Command 728
The show ip eigrp traffic Command 729
The debug ip eigrpCommand 729
The debug eigrp packetsCommand 730
√Two-Minute Drill 733
Q&A Self Test 734
Self Test Answers 736
Part VI Advanced Cisco Router Features
22 Access Control Lists 739
ACL Overview 740
Definition 740
Types 741
Processing 742
Basic ACL Configuration 745
Creating an ACL 745
Matching on Addresses： Wildcard Masks 746
Activating an ACL 749
ACL Types 751
Standard Numbered ACLs 751
exercise 22-1： Configuring Standard Numbered ACLs 756
Extended Numbered ACLs 759
Named ACLs 765
ACL Remarks 767
Access List Verification 768
ACL Changes 770
ACL Placement 772
Standard ACLs 772
Extended ACLs 774
√Two-Minute Drill 777
Q&A Self Test 779
Self Test Answers 781
23 Address translation 783
Address Translation Overview 784
Running Out of Addresses 784
Private Addresses 785
Address Translation 786
Address Translation Types 787
Terms and Definitions 787
Network Address Translation 787
Port Address Translation 790
Advantages of Address Translation 793
Disadvantages of Address Translation 794
Address Translation Configuration 795
NAT Configuration 795
PAT Configuration 799
Address Translation Verification 800
Translation Process and Troubleshooting 803
Local-to-Global Translation 803
Global-to-Local Translation 804
Address Translation Troubleshooting 805
exercise 23-1： Configuring Static Address Translation 806
exercise 23-2： Configuring Dynamic Address Translation 808
√Two-Minute Drill 812
Q&A Self Test 814
Self Test Answers 817
24 IPv6 819
Necessity of IPv6 820
Growth Issues 820
IPv6 Features 821
IPv6 Addressing 823
IPv6 Address Format 823
Types of IPv6 Addresses 824
Address Assignment 829
Static Address Assignment 829
DHCPv6 829
Stateless Autoconfiguration 830
Routing and IPv6 830
Supported Routing Protocols 831
IPv6 Configuration 834
Enabling IPv6 and Assigning Addresses 834
RIPng 835
√Two-Minute Drill 839
Q&A Self Test 841
Self Test Answers 843
Part VII Cisco Routers and WANs
25 WAN Introduction 847
Wide Area Networking Overview 848
Equipment and Components 848
Connection Types 850
WAN Interfaces on Cisco Routers 856
WAN Cabling 856
Encapsulation Methods 856
HDLC 858
Frame Type 858
Configuring HDLC 859
PPP 860
PPP Components 861
Configuring PPP 863
Troubleshooting PPP 864
PPP Authentication 866
exercise 25-1： Configuring PPP 872
exercise 25-2： Basic PPP Troubleshooting 874
Virtual Private Networks 876
Benefits 877
VPN Types 877
IPSec 880
√Two-Minute Drill 888
Q&A Self Test 890
Self Test Answers 892
26 Frame Relay 895
Virtual Circuits 896
Fully Meshed Design 896
Advantages of VCs 898
Types of VCs 900
Supported Serial Connections 902
Frame Relay Terms 903
LMI 905
DLCIs 907
VC Data Rates 911
Congestion Control 914
Frame Relay Configuration 915
Encapsulation Configuration 915
LMI Configuration 917
Troubleshooting LMI 917
PVC Configuration 920
exercise 26-1： Configuring Frame Relay 927
Non-Broadcast Multi-Access Environments 930
Topology Types 931
Split Horizon Issues 931
Solutions to Split Horizon Problems 933
Subinterfaces 934
exercise 26-2： Configuring Frame Relay with Subinterfaces 941
√Two-Minute Drill 946
Q&A Self Test 948
Self Test Answers 950
Part VIII Appendixes
A About the CD 955
System Requirements 956
Installing and Running the Boson NetSim LE and BEE 956
Boson NetSim LE 956
BEE and Practice Exams 957
CertCams 958
Help 958
Removing Installation(s) 958
Technical Support 958
B Exam Readiness Checklist 959
ICNDv1 (642–822) Exam 960
ICNDv2 (642-816) Exam 965
Index 967
Glossary 985