高级英语写作

Chapter One　Basic Writing Techniques
1.1　Diction
1.1.1　Formal and Informal Words
1.1.2　General and Specific Words
1.2　Grammar
1.2.1　Subject-Verb Agreement
1.2.2　Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
1.2.3　Pronoun Reference
1.3　Mechanics
1.3.1　Capitalization
1.3.2　Punctuation
1.3.3　Manuscript
Chapter Two　Sentence Style
2.1　Basic Sentence Patterns
2.1.1　Clauses
2.1.2　Kinds of Sentences
2.2　Sentence Unity
2.2.1　Preservation of Sentence Unity
2.2.2　Precautions Against No Unity
2.3　Sentence Coherence
2.4　Sentence Expansion
2.5　Sentence Variety
2.5.1　Varying Sentence Length and Emphasis
2.5.2　Varying Sentence Beginnings
2.5.3　Inverting the Normal Word Order
2.5.4　Varying Simple Sentences
2.5.5　Simple， Compound and Complex Sentences Combined.
Chapter Three　Sentence Improvement
3.1　Parallelism
3.2　Faulty Modification
3.2.1　Stacked Modifiers
3.2.2　Misplaced Modifiers
3.2.3　Dangling Modifiers
3.3　Sentence Fragments
3.3.1　Revising Dependent Clause Fragments
3.3.2　Revising Phrase Fragments
3.3.3　Revising Appositive Fragments
3.3.4　Using Fragments Intentionally
3.4　Choppy Sentences
3.5　Run-ons
3.6　Stringy Sentences
Chapter Four　Paragraph Writing
4.1　Paragraph Structure
4.1.1　Topic Sentence
4.1.2　Supporting Sentences
4.1.3　Concluding Sentence
4.2　Paragraph Unity
4.3　Paragraph Coherence
4.3.1　Repetition of Key Nouns
4.3.2　Use of Consistent Pronouns
4.3.3　Transition Signals
4.4　Paragraph Outlining
4.4.1　The "Parallel Form" Rule
4.4.2　The "Equivalent Value" Rule
4.5　Paragraph Development
4.5.1　Chronological Order
4.5.2　Logical Division of Ideas/Order of Importance
4.5.3　Comparison and Contrast
4.5.4　Cause and Effect
4.5.5　Exemplification
4.5.6　Quotations
4.5.7　Paraphrases and Summaries
Chapter Five　Essay Writing
5.1　Characteristics of an Effective Essay
5.2　Structure of an Essay
5.2.1　The Introductory Paragraph
5.2.2　The Essay Body
5.2.3　The Concluding Paragraph
5.2.4　Transition Signals Between Paragraphs
5.3　The Writing Process
5.3.1　Prewriting
5.3.2　Planning/Outlining
5.3.3　Writing and Revising Drafts
5.4　Types of Essays
5.4.1　Narration
5.4.2　Description
5.4.3　Exposition
5.4.4　Argumentation
Chapter Six　Making a Research
6.1　What Is a Research Paper
6.1.1　Characteristics of Research Papers
6.1.2　Kinds of Research Papers
6.1.3　Components of a Research Paper
6.2　Steps Involved in Writing a Research Paper
6.3　Ways in Choosing a Topic
6.3.1　Identifying a General Subject Area
6.3.2　Defining the Topic
6.3.3　Formulating a Thesis Statement
6.4　Assembly of a Working Bibliography
6.4.1　Gathering Sources
6.4.2　Evaluating Sources
6.4.3　Taking Notes
6.5　Avoiding Plagiarism
Chapter Seven　Writing the Thesis
7.1　Introduction and Literature Review
7.1.1　Writing an Introduction
7.1.2　Writing a Literature Review
7.2　The Body of the Thesis
7.2.1　Research Methods
7.2.2　Results
7.2.3　Discussion
7.2.4　Conclusion
7.3　Completing the Thesis
7.3.1　Title
7.3.2　Abstract
7.3.3　Acknowledgement
7.3.4　Documentation and Bibliography
Chapter Eight　Writing for Special Purposes
8.1　Letters
8.1.1　Personal Letters
8.1.2　Application Letters
8.1.3　Resume
8.1.4　Letters of Recommendation/Reference Letters
8.1.5　E-mails
8.2　Speeches
8.2.1　Welcoming Speeches
8.2.2　Farewell Speeches
8.2.3　Party Speeches
8.3　Notes and Reports
8.3.1　Notes， Notices， and Posters
8.3.2　Diary
8.3.3　Reports
8.3.4　Instructions
8.3.5　Certificates/Notary
8.4　Writing in Examinations
8.4.1　Writing in CET4 and CET6
8.4.2　Writing in the Entrance Examination to Graduate Schools
8.4.3　Writing in TOEFL
8.4.4　Writing in IELTS
8.4.5　Writing in GRE
Keys to Exercises
Bibliography