湍流

List of tables
Preface
Nomenclature
PART ONE: FUNDAMENTALS
　1 Introduction
　　1.1 The nature of turbulent flows
　　1.2 The study of turbulent flows
　2 The equations of fluid motion
　　2.1 Continuum fluid properties
　　2.2 Eulerian and Lagrangian fields
　　2.3 The continuity equation
　　2.4 The momentum equation
　　2.5 The role of pressure
　　2.6 Conserved passive scalars
　　2.7 The vorticity equation
　　2.8 Rates of strain and rotation
　　2.9 Transformation properties
　3 The statistical description of turbulent flows
　　3.1 The random nature of turbulence
　　3.2 Characterization of random variables
　　3.3 Examples of probability distributions
　　3.4 Joint random variables
　　3.5 Normal and joint-normal distributions
　　3.6 Random processes
　　3.7 Random fields
　　3.8 Probability and averaging 　
　4 Mean-flow equations
　　4.1 Reynolds equations
　　4.2 Reynolds stresses 　
　　4.3 The mean scalar equation
　　4.4 Gradient-diffusion and turbulent-viscosity hypotheses
　5 Free shear flows
　　5.1 The round jet: experimental observations
　　5.2 The round jet: mean momentum
　　5.3 The round jet: kinetic energy
　　5.4 Other self-similar flows
　　5.5 Further observations
　6　The scales of turbulent motion
　　6.1 The energy cascade and Kolmogorov hypotheses
　　6.2 Structure functions
　　6.3 Two-point correlation
　　6.4 Fourier modes
　　6.5 Velocity spectra
　　6.6 The spectral view of the energy cascade
　　6.7 Limitations, shortcomings, and refinements 　
　7　Wall flows
　　7.1 Channel flow
　　7.2 Pipe flow
　　7.3 Boundary layers
　　7.4 Turbulent structures
PART TWO: MODELLING AND SIMULATION
　8 An introduction to modelling and simulation
　　8.1 The challenge
　　8.2 An overview of approaches
　　8.3 Criteria for appraising models
　9 Direct numerical simulation
　　9.1 Homogeneous turbulence
　　9.2 Inhomogeneous flows
　　9.3 Discussion
　10 Turbulent-viscosity models
　　10.1 The turbulent-viscosity hypothesis
　　10.2 Algebraic models
　　10.3 Turbulent-kinetic-energy models
　　10.4 The k-εmodel
　　10:5 Further turbulent-viscosity models
　11 Reynolds-stress and related models
　　11.1 Introduction
　　11.2 The pressure-rate-of-strain tensor
　　11.3 Return-to-isotropy models
　　11.4 Rapid-distortion theory
　　11.5 Pressure-rate-of-strain models
　　11.6 Extension to inhomogeneous flows
　　11.7 Near-wall treatments
　　11.8 Elliptic relaxation models
　　11.9 Algebraic stress and nonlinear viscosity models
　　11.10 Discussion
　12 PDF methods
　　12.1 The Eulerian PDF of velocity
　　12.2 The model velocity PDF equation
　　12.3 Langevin equations
　　12.4 Turbulent dispersion
　　12.5 The velocity-frequency joint PDF
　　12.6 The Lagrangian particle method
　　12.7 Extensions
　　12.8 Discussion
　13 Large-eddy simulation
　　13.1 Introduction
　　13.2 Filtering
　　13.3 Filtered conservation equations
　　13.4 The Smagorinsky model
　　13.5 LES in wavenumber space
　　13.6 Further residual-stress models
　　13.7 Discussion
PART THREE: APPENDICES
　Appendix .4 Cartesian tensors
　　A.1 Cartesian coordinates and vectors
　　A.2 The definition of Cartesian tensors
　　A.3 Tensor operations
　　A.4 The vector cross product
　　A.5 A summary of Cartesian-tensor suffix notation
　Appendix B Properties of second-order tensors
　Appendix C Dirac delta functions
　　C.1 The definition of δ(x)
　　C.2 Properties of rS(x)
　　C.3 Derivatives of rS(x)
　　C.4 Taylor series
　　C.5 The Heaviside function
　　C.6 Multiple dimensions
　Appendix D Fourier transforms
　Appendix E Spectral representation of stationary random processes 　
　　E.1 Fourier series
　　E.2 Periodic random processes
　　E.3 Non-periodic random processes
　　E.4 Derivatives of the-process
　Appenthix F The discrete Fourier transform
　Appendix G Power-law spectra
　Appendix H Derivation of Eulerian PDF equations
　Appendix I Characteristic functions
　Appendix J Diffusion processes
Bibliography
Author index
Subject index