1 Introduction
1.1 Critical Technology
1.2 History and Trends of Boiling
1.3 Micro Boiling
References
2 Thermal Physical Fundamentals
2.1 Phase and Phase Equilibrium
2.2 Phase Transition
2.3 Interracial Aspects
2.4 Contact Angle and Dynamical Contact Behavior
2.4.1 Contact Angle at Equilibrium
2.4.2 Contact Angle Hysteresis
2.4.3 Dynamical Contact Angle
2.5 Cluster Dynamics
2.5.1 Clusters
2.5.2 Number Balance of Activated Molecules in a Cluster
2.5.3 Cluster Evolution with Internal Perturbations
2.5.4 Cluster Evolution with External Perturbations
References
3 Boiling Nucleation
3.1 Nucleus Formation
3.1.1 Mean Free Path
3.1.2 Self-Aggregation
3.1.3 Aggregate Formation
3.1.4 Critical Aggregation Concentration
3.1.5 Infinite Aggregation Formation
3.1.6 Physical Configuration of Nucleus Formation
3.2 Interfacial Effects on Nucleation
3.2.1 Nucleus Structure Evolution
3.2.2 Interfacial Tension of a Nucleus
3.2.3 Modification of Nucleation Rate
3.3 Microscope Activation near a Flat Surface
3.3.1 Liquid Behavior near a Heated Wall
3.3.2 Nucleation Position
3.3.3 Embryo Bubble Evolution
3.4 Bubble Evolution from a Cavity
3.4.1 Description of Heterogeneous Nucleation
3.4.2 Nucleation with One Barrier
3.4.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation with Two Barriers
References
4 Jet Flow Phenomena
4.1 Experimental Phenomena
4.1.1 Boiling on a Plate Heater
4.1.2 Boiling on Small Wires
4.2 Bubble-Top Jet Flow Structure
4.2.1 General Features
4.2.2 Jet Structure
4.2.3 Multi Bubble-Top Jet Flow
4.3 Dynamical Behavior of Bubble-Top Jet Flows
4.3.1 Jet Flow Evolution
4.3.2 Competition and Self-Organization of Jet Flows
4.4 Models of Bubble-Top Jet Flow
4.4.1 Governing Equations
4.4.2 Fundamental Considerations
4.5 Characteristics of Bubble-Top Jet Flow
4.5.1 Jet Flow Driving Force and Pumping Effect
4.5.2 Jet Flow Bifurcation Phenomenon
4.6 Formation of Bubble-Top Jet Flow..
4.6.1 Temperature Evolution
4.6.2 Temperature Evolution on Bubble Interface
4.6.3 Flow Evolution
References
5 Bubble Dynamics on Fine Wires
5.1 Modes of Bubble Motion
5.1.1 Bubble Sweeping
5.1.2 Bubble Interaction
5.1.3 Bubble Oscillation Phenomena
5.1.4 Bubble Leaping
5.2 Fundamentals of Bubble Dynamics
5.2.1 Thermocapillary Force
5.2.2 Force Caused by Bubble Motion
5.2.3 Dynamic Equation
5.3 Bubble Sweeping Dynamics
5.3.1 Single Bubble Sweeping
5.3.2 Bubble Separation from an Immobile Bubble
5.3.3 Separation of Two Equivalent Moving Bubbles
5.3.4 Separation of Two Non-Equivalent Bubbles
5.4 Bubble Collision Dynamics
5.4.1 Collision with an Immobile Bubble
5.4.2 Collision of Two Equivalent Bubbles
5.4.3 Bubble Coalescence
5.5 Bubble Oscillation
5.5.1 Temperature Profile of a Two Immobile Bubbles System
5.5.2 Bubble Oscillation Characteristics
5.5.3 Bubble Oscillations with Various Effective Viscosities
5.5.4 Coupling Bubble Oscillation
5.6 Bubble Leaping Dynamics
5.6.1 Dynamical Description
5.6.2 Simple Leaping Dynamics
5.6.3 Heat Transfer Performance during Bubble Leaping and Sweeping
References
6 Boiling in Micrchannels
6.1 Experimental Observations
6.1.1 General Behavior
6.1.2 Nucleation Superheat
6.1.3 Experimental Phenomena
6.2 Physical Explanation
6.2.1 Evaporating Space and Fictitious Boiling
6.2.2 Thermodynamic Evidence
6.2.3 Cluster Dynamical Evidence
6.3 Nucleation Criterion
6.3.1 Thermodynamic Analysis
6.3.2 Statistical Mechanics Approach
6.3.3 Dynamic Model
6.4 Nucleation Kinetics
6.4.1 Bubble Evolution Dynamics near Critical Radius
6.4.2 Nucleation in Confined Space
6.5 Bubble Dynamic Behavior with Local Heating
6.5.1 Experiments
6.5.2 Phase Change Behavior
6.6 Interface Oscillation
6.6.1 Periodic Feature
6.6.2 Evaporating Interface
6.6.3 Condensing Interface
References
7 Boiling in Droplets
7.1 Oscillation of Sessile Droplets
7.1.1 Experimental Observations
7.1.2 Oscillatory Behavior
7.1.3 Physical Understanding
7.2 Model of Droplet Oscillation
7.2.1 Physical Model
7.2.2 Flow Characteristics
7.3 Transitional Boiling Behavior
7.3.1 Experimental Description
7.3.2 Restricted Cyclical Phase Change
7.3.3 Single-Bubble Cyclical Phase Change
7.3.4 Metastable Cyclical Phase Change
7.4 Droplet Spreading During Evaporation and Nucleation
7.4.1 Phenomenon Observations
7.4.2 Influencial Factors
7.4.3 Spread Area and Spread Speed
7.4.4 Heat Fluxes
References
8 Boiling in Micro-Structures and Porous Media
8.1 Experimental Observations
8.1.1 Test Apparatus
8.1.2 Low Applied Heat Flux
8.1.3 Moderate Applied Heat Flux
8.1.4 High Applied Heat Flux
8.2 Bubble Behavior in Bead-Packed Structure
8.2.1 Boiling Process
8.2.2 Static Description of Primary Bubble Interface
8.2.3 Comparison of Results
8.3 Replenishment and Dynamic Behavior of Interface
8.3.1 Replenishing Liquid Flow
8.3.2 Dynamic Behavior of Bubble Interface
8.3.3 Interfacial Heat and Mass Transfer at Pore-Level
8.4 Pore-Scale Bubble Dynamics
8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 Discrete Rising Bubble
8.4.3 Bubble Departure Interference
8.5 Occurrence of Dryout
8.5.1 Lateral Bubble Coalescence and Local Vapor Patch Formation
8.5.2 Dryout
8.5.3 Discussion and Comparison
References
9 Explosive Boiling
9.1 Experimental Phenomena
9.1.1 Visual Observation Test
9.1.2 Jet Flow in/from Mini Tubes
9.1.3 Exploding Emission from Micro Tubes
9.2 Temperature Behavior During Emitting
9.3 Theoretical Discussion
9.3.1 Geometrical Parameters
9.3.2 Critical Em~tting Heat Flux
9.3.3 Asymmetrical Effect
References
Index
Postscript
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