1 URINARY TRACT STRUCTURE AND INFECTION
Introduction
Normal anatomy of the urinary tract
Structure of the kidney
Innervation of the urinary tract
Embryology of the kidney and urinary tract
Infection of the urinary tract
Aetiology and pathogenesis of urinary tract
infection
Investigation of urinary tract infection
Imaging of the urinary tract
Vesicoureteric reflux
Overview: treatment of urinary tract infections
2 BODY FLUIDS, NEPHRON FUNCTION AND DIURETICS
Introduction
Body fluid and electrolyte distribution
Functional anatomy of the nephron
Sodium transport
Regulation of sodium transport
Potassium transport
Pharmacology of diuretic agents
Principles of fluid and electrolyte replacement
therapy
3 WATER BALANCE AND REGULATION OF OSMOLALITY
Introduction
Causes and assessment of polyuria
Renal mechanisms for urine concentration
Feedback control of plasma osmolality
Failure to concentrate the urine
Failure to dilute the urine
4 ACID-BASE BALANCE AND REGULATION OF pH
Introduction
Role of the kidney in H+ balance
Disturbances of acid-base balance: acidosis
Disturbances of acid-base balance: alkalosis
Summary of findings in principal acid-base
disturbances
5 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION AND ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
Introduction
Renal blood flow
Glomerular filtration
Autoregulation of renal blood flow and glomerular
filtration rate
Renal excretion and the clearance formula
Measuring the glomerular filtration rate
Urea
Pathophysiology of oliguria
Causes of acute kidney injury
Acute tubular necrosis
Overview: assessment and management of a
patient with acute kidney injury
Biochemical changes in acute kidney injury
Complications of acute kidney injury
Management of acute kidney injury
6 PROTEINURIA AND THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Introduction
Pathophysiology of oedema formation
Glomerular anatomy and the filtration barrier
Normal and abnormal proteinuria
Nephrotic syndrome
Natural history and response to treatment
7 GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND THE ACUTE NEPHRITIC SYNDROME
Introduction
Urinary sediment examination
Presentation and consequences of glomerular
disease
Investigation of glomerulonephritis
Differential diagnosis of acute
glomerulonephritis
Pathogenesis of acute glomerulonephritis
Outcome of glomerulonephritis
Clinicopathological correlations in
glomerulonephritis
8 DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Introduction
Presentation of chronic kidney disease
Stages of chronic kidney disease
Causes of chronic kidney disease _
Pathology of diabetic nephropathy and chronic
kidney disease
Main consequences of chronic kidney disease
Progression of chronic kidney disease
Principles of treatment
9 END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE AND REPLACEMENT OF RENAL FUNCTION
Introduction
Replacement of kidney function
Principles and modes of dialysis
Principles and modes of transplantation
Conservative therapy for advanced chronic kidney
disease
10 HYPERTENSION AND THE KIDNEY
Introduction
Determinants of normal blood pressure and role
of the kidney
Pathogenesis of essential hypertension
The pathology of hypertension
Principles in the management of hypertension
Secondary hypertension
11 PREGNANCY AND THE KIDNEY
Introduction
Structural changes in the urinary tract during
pregnancy
Urinary tract infection in pregnancy
Renal physiology changes in pregnancy
Blood pressure and pregnancy
Hypertension in pregnancy
Management of hypertension in pregnancy
Follow-up of patients with hypertension in
pregnancy
Pregnancy in patients with pre-existing
kidney disease
12 URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION AND STONES
Introduction
Differential diagnosis of loin pain and haematuria
Imaging of the urinary tract
Pathophysiology of urinary tract obstruction
Renal calculi
Principles of treatment
13 RENAL MASSES AND URINARY TRACT TUMOURS
Introduction
Differential diagnosis of a renal mass
Renal cell carcinoma
Differential diagnosis of microscopic haematuria
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Other urinary tract tumours
14 DRUGS AND THE KIDNEY
Introduction
PART A
Effect of renal impairment on drug excretion
Altered pharmacokinetics in renal disease
Drug dosing in renal failure
PART B
Renal impairment induced by drugs
Renal actions of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs
Mechanisms of nephrotoxicity
Important causes of nephrotoxicity
Appendix: normal ranges
Glossary
Index
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