One hundred years ago， Zhang Zhidong tried to advocate Chineselearning by saying： “The course of a nation， be it bright orgloomy， the pool of talents， be it large or small， are aboutgovernance on the surface， and about learning at the root. “ Atthat time， the imperialist powers cast menacing eyes on ourcountry， and the domestic situation was deteriorating.The quickinfiltration of Western learning made the long-standing Chinesetradition come under heavy challenge. In those days， Chineselearning and Western learning stood side by side. Literature，history and philosophy split up， while many new branches oflearning such as economics， politics and sociology wereflourishing， which made many Chinese dazed.However， there appeareda vital and vigorous learning climate out of the confusingsituation. It was at this critical moment that modern Chinesescholarship made the transition-by exchanging views， basing onprofound contemplation and even with confrontation of idea andclash of views， the scholarship made continuous progress， bringingup a large number of persons of academic distinction and creatingnumerous innovative works. Changes in scholarship and in generalmodes of thinking made transition in all aspects of the societypossible， thus laying a solid foundation for revitalizingChina.
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