CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION1
1.1 Statement of the problem1
1.2 Rationale of the study1
1.3 Research hypothesis9
1.4 Purposes of the study9
1.5 Research questions10
1.6 Significance of the study10
1.7 Definitions of terms12
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW14
2.1 Two basic constructs of vocabulary learning14
2.2 Variables40
2.3 Summary54
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY55
3.1 Research design55
3.2 Variables56
3.3 Participants57
3.4 Materials58
3.5 Instruments64
3.6 Procedures68
3.7 Data collection and scoring71
3.8 Data analysis72
3.9 Pilot Study 74
3.10 Experimental phases87
3.11 Summary88
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS 89
4.1 Results of the Vocabulary Pretest89
4.2 Answer to Research Question 193
4.3 Answer to Research Question 299
4.4 Answer to Research Question 3100
4.5 Answer to Research Question 4104
4.6 Answer to Research Question 5 105
4.7 Results of the T/F comprehension test108
4.8 Summary109
CHAPTER 5
THE E-DICTIONARY-BASED ENHANCERS
FOR VOCABULARY LEARNING MODEL110
5.1 Model elements110
5.2 Details of E-dictionary-Based Enhancers for Vocabulary
Learning Model 120
5.3 Summary122
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND
LIMITATIONS123
6.1 Conclusions123
6.2 Implications and recommendations127
6.3 Limitations and suggestions for further research131
6.4 Summary 134
REFERENCES135
APPENDICES145
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS190
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1Task-induced involvement load (Laufer & Hustijn,2001,p.18)
21
Table 2.2A taxonomy of kinds of vocabulary learning strategies
(Nation, 2001, p.217)28
Table 2.3What is involved in knowing a word (Nation, 2001, p.27)30
Table 3.1Results of Word Test (part)62
Table 3.2Treatment for the target words and other possible
unknown words64
Table 3.3The methods of data analysis according to
the research questions72
Table 3.4Descriptive Statistics of the vocabulary tests80
Table 3.5Descriptive Statistics in while-reading tasks and
the T/F comprehension test81
Table 3.6Independent t-test results (N=38)82
Table 3.7Correlations between LUB and vocabulary gain and retention83
Table 3.8Descriptive statistics of the enhancers87
Table 4.1Pretest scores of all the subjects (N=90)90
Table 4.2Descriptive statistics of the two groups in the Vocabulary
Pretest93
Table 4.3Independent t-test results of the difference in the Vocabulary
Pretest93
Table 4.4Frequency description of scores in the VGRT (target words only) *
group crosstabulation94
Table 4.5Descriptive Statistics of the difference for target words between VGRT
and the Vocabulary Pretest (N=90)96
Table 4.6Independent t-test results of target words learning in VGRT
in terms of dictionary access (N=90)97
Table 4.7Descriptive statistics of the four vocabulary tests (N=45)100
Table 4.8Descriptive Statistics of the difference for other unknown words
between VGRT and the Vocabulary Pretest (N=90)101
Table 4.9Frequency of the difference for other unknown words between
VGRT and the Vocabulary Pretest * group crosstabulation Points102
Table 4.10Group Statistics of the difference for other unknown words
between VGRT and the Vocabulary Pretest 103
Table 4.11Independent t-test results of the difference for other unknown
words between VGRT and the Vocabulary Pretest104
Table 4.12Correlations between LUB and vocabulary gain and
retention104
Table 4.13Preferences of the vocabulary instruction program105
Table 4.14Independent t-test results of T/F comprehension test108
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1Conceptual framework of the EBEVOL Model6
Figure 3.1Procedures of the main study68
Figure 5.1A part of the Vocabulary Pretest111
Figure 5.2Text with the dictionary information114
Figure 5.3While-reading word relevance (a part)115
Figure 5.4The matching task116
Figure 5.5Vocabulary posttest 1 (VGPT)117
Figure 5.6Vocabulary posttest 2 (VGRT)118
Figure 5.7A part of the T/F comprehension test119
Figure 5.8E-dictionary-Based Enhancers for Vocabulary Learning
Model121
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CALL Computer Assisted Language Learning
EBEVOL Model E-dictionary-based Enhancers for Vocabulary Learning Model
EFL English as a Foreign Language
FL Foreign language
L1 The first language
L2 The second language
LUB Lookup behavior
RC Reading comprehension
TW Target word
VGPT Vocabulary Gain Productive Test
VGRT Vocabulary Gain Receptive Test
VRPT Vocabulary Retention Productive Test
VRRT Vocabulary Retention Receptive Test
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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