语言与文化

PartⅠ EngI ish language
Chapter 1 What Is Language?
　　1.Symbols
　　2.System
　　3.Language Universals
　　4.Creativity of Language
　　5.Ambiguity of Language
　Chapter 2 0ld English
　　1.Historical Events Affecting the Forming of English
　 2.The Originality of English
　 3.Foreign Influences on Old English
　 4.Some Characteristics of Old English
　 5.Old English Literature
　Chapter 3 Norman Conquest and Its Subsequent Results
　　1.The Norman Conquest and Its Influence on English
　 2.The Prevailing of French among the NobleS
　 3.The Attitude toward English
　Chapter 4 Midge English
　　1.The Hundred Years’War
　　2.Some Characteristics of Middle English
　　3.French Influence on the Vocabulary
　　4.Dialectal Diversity of Middle English
　　5.The Rise of Standard English
　　6.Middle English Literature
　Chapter 5 The Renaissance(1500—1650)，Early　Modern English
　　1.Changing Conditions in the Modern Period
　　2.Eftects upon Grammar and Vocabulary
　　3.Usage and Idiom
　　4.General Characteristics of the Period
　Chapter 6 A Transitional Period(1650—1800)
　　1.The Spirit of the Eighteenth Century
　　2.The Look on the Language
　　3.Some Effects on the Standardization of the Language
　　4.Johnmn’S Dictionary
　　5.Elforts of the Grammarians and the Developments of English Grammar
　　6.Vocabulary in Change and Expansion
　Chapter 7 English since the Nineteenth Century
　　1.Influences Affecting the Language
　　2.The Extension of Vocabulary
　　3.Efforts to Reform in the Structure of the Language
　　4.Changeg in Grammar
　Chapter 8 English Language of Today
　 1.English，the Result of Many Developments
　 2.The Position of English
　 3.Assets and Liabilities of English
　　……
PartⅡ Religion
PaerⅢ Cultural Tradition