英语写作阶梯

Chapter I Notes and Invitation Cards
1.1 Note Writing
1.1.1 Definition and Features
1.1.2 Composition
1.1.3 Notes for Various Purposes
1.2 Invitation Cards
1.2.1 Content and Form
1.2.2 Requirements for Writing
Exercises
Chapter II Letters
2.1 The Format of Letters
2.1.1 Addressing Envelopes
2.1.2 The Format of a Letter
2.1.3 The Composition of a Letter
2.2 Social Letters
2.2.1 Letters of Apologies
2.2.2 Letters of Congratulations
2.2.3 Letters of Thanks
2.2.4 Letters of Sympathy and Condolences
2.2.5 Letters of Invitation
2.2.6 Letters of Introduction
2.2.7 Letters of Informal Discussion
2.2.8 Letters of Keeping Correspondence
2.3 Business Letters
2.3.1 Letters of Inquiry and Request
2.3.2 Letters of Complaint
2.3.3 Letters of Application
Exercises
Chapter III Paragraphs
3.1 Structure
3.1.1 The Topic Sentence
3.1.2 Supporting Sentences
3.1.3 The Concluding Sentence
3.2 Unity
3.3 Coherence
3.3.1 Sequence
3.3.2 Cause or Reason
3.3.3 Result
3.3.4 Illustration
3.3.5 Comparison
3.3.6 Contrast
3.3.7 Concession
3.3.8 Transition
3.3.9 Condition
3.3.10 Exception
3.3.11 Purpose
3.3.12 Place
3.3.13 Restatement
3.3.14 Feelings
3.3.15 Conclusion
3.3.16 Time
3.4 Ways of Developing Paragraphs
3.4.1 Narration
3.4.2 Description
3.4.3 Listing
3.4.4 Illustration
3.4.5 Process Analysis
3.4.6 Comparison and Contrast
3.4.7 Cause and Effect
3.4.8 Definition
3.4.9 Division and Classification
3.4.10 Argumentation
Exercises
Chapter IV Essays
4.1 Structure
4.1.1 Paragraphs Versus Essays
4.1.2 The Title
4.1.3 The Thesis Statement
4.1.4 The Introduction
4.1.5 The Body
4.1.6 The Conclusion
4.2 Modes of Writing
4.2.1 Narration
4.2.2 Description
4.2.3 Exposition
4.2.4 Argumentation
Exercises
Chapter V Rhetorical Devices
5.1 Phonetic Devices
5.1.1 Alliteration
5.1.2 Consonance
5.1.3 Assonance
5.1.4 Rhyme
5.1.5 Onomatopoeia
5.2 Semantic Devices
5.2.1 Simile
5.2.2 Metaphor
5.2.3 Metonymy
5.2.4 Synecdoche
5.2.5 Transferred Epithet
5.2.6 Synaesthesia
5.2.7.Analogy
5.2.8 Personification
5.2.9 Zoosemy
5.2.10 Allusion
5.2.11 Litotes
5.2.12 Euphemism
5.2.13 Hyperbole
5.2.14 Oxymoron
5.2.15 Paradox
5.2.16 Zeugma
5.2.17 Pun
5.2.18 Parody
5.2.19 Paregmenon
5.3 Syntactic Devices
5.3.1 Loose Sentence
5.3.2 Periodic Sentence
5.3.3 Inversion （or Anastrophe）
5.3.4 Repetition
5.3.5 Epanalepsis
5.3.6 Antimetabole
5.3.7 Anaphora
5.3.8 Antithesis
5.3.9 Parallelism
5.3.10 Palindrome
5.3.11 Gradatio
5.4 Stylistic Devices
5.4.1 Climax
5.4.2 Anticlimax （or Bathos）
5.4.3 Rhetorical Question （or Erotema）
Exercises