\目 录
第1章 关节检查 ………………………………………1
简介 (Introduction) ………………………………………2
肩部检查 (Shoulder Exam) ……………………………3
简介(Introduction) ………………………………………3
颈椎和肩部的活动范围
(Range of Motion of the Cervical) ……………………4
肩部触诊(Palpation of the Shoulder) ……………………5
颈椎棘突检查(Cervical Spinous Process Exam) ………6
Spurling 检查(Spurling’s Test) …………………………7
垂臂检查(Drop Arm Test) ………………………………7
阻抗式外旋检查(Resisted External Rotation) …………8
阻抗式内旋检查(Resisted Internal Rotation) ……………8
Patte 检查(Patte’s Test) …………………………………9
空罐检查(Empty Can Tset) ………………………………9
背后举起检查(Lift-off Test) …………………………10
Hawkins 检查(Hawkins’ Test) …………………………10
Neer 检查(Neer’ Test) …………………………………11
研磨操作手法(Scouring Maneuver) …………………11
上臂交叉/ 内收/Apley 绕颈检查
(Crossed Arm/Adductoin/Apley’s Scarf Test) ……12
Yergason 检查(Yergason’s Test) ………………………12
改良Yergason 检查(Modified Yergason’s Test)………13
Speed 检查(Speed’s Test) ……………………………13
主动压迫检查 (O’Brien 检查)
[Active Compression(O’Brien’s)Test] …………14
恐惧检查(Apprehension Test)…………………………14
复位检查(Relocation Test) ……………………………15
惊奇检查 ( 向前放松检查)
[Surprise(Anterior Release)Test] ………………15
Adson 操作手法(Adson’s Maneuver) …………………16
Allen 检查(Allen’s Test) ………………………………16
肋锁检查(Costoclavicular Test) ………………………17
Roos 检查(Roos’s Test) ………………………………17
Wright 超外展检查(Wright’s Hyperabduction Test) …18
肘部检查 (Elbow Exam) ………………………………19
简介(Introduction) ……………………………………19
肘部的活动范围(Range of Motion of the Elbow) ……20
肘部触诊(Palpation of the Elbow) ……………………21
Cozen 检查(Cozen’s Test) ……………………………25
腕关节屈曲检查肱骨内上髁炎
(Wrist Flexion for Medial Epicondylitis) …………25
肘部尺神经Tinel 征(Tinel’s Sign of Ulnar at Elbow) 26
尺侧副韧带松弛(Medial Ligamentous Laxity) ………26
桡侧副韧带松弛(Lateral Ligamentous Laxity) ………27
腕部/手部/手指检查(Wrist/Hand/Digit Exam) …28
简介(Introduction) ……………………………………28
腕部和手指的活动范围
(Range of Motion of the Wrist and Digits) ………29
拇指动作 (Thumb Motion) ……………………………30
腕部/ 手部/ 手指触诊(Wrist/Hand/Digit Palpation) …31
腕部正中神经Tinel 征
(Tinel’s Sign of Median nerve at Wrist) …………34
改良Phalen 检查(Modified Phalen’s Test) ……………34
反向Phalen 检查(Reverse Phalen’s Test) ……………35
腕部压迫检查(Carpal Compression Test) ……………35
蛤壳检查 ( 腕部伸肌) [Clamshell (Wrist Extensors)] …36
反向蛤壳检查 ( 腕部屈肌)
[Reverse Clamshell (Wrist Flexors)] ………………36
手部内部肌肉紧张检查 (Bunnel-Littler 检查)
[Tight Hand Intrinsics Test (Bunnel-Littler’s Test)] 37
改良Finkelstein 检查(Modified Finkelstein’s Test) …37
Froment 征(Froment’s Sign) …………………………38
拇指轴向研磨检查(Thumb Axial Grind Test) ………38
腰骶部和髋部检查
(Lumbosacral Spine and Hip Exam) …………39
简介(Introduction) ……………………………………39
髋部和下背部的活动范围
(Range of Motion of Hip and Low Back) …………41
胸椎- 腰椎- 骶椎屈曲(T-L-S Spine Flexion) …………41
胸椎- 腰椎- 骶椎伸展和旋转
(T-L-S Spine Extension and Rotation) ……………41
胸椎- 腰椎- 骶椎侧向弯曲
(T-L-S Spine Lateral Bending) ……………………42
髋关节内旋(Hip Internal Rotation) ……………………42
髋关节外旋(Hip External Rotation) …………………43
髋关节屈曲(Hip Flexion) ……………………………43
髋关节伸展(Hip Extension) …………………………44
下背部和髋部触诊
(Palpation of the Low Back and Hip) ……………45
腰椎棘突检查(Lumbar Spinous Process Exam) ………46
腰椎小面关节碾磨检查(Lumbar Facet Gring Test) …46
Yeoman 检查(Yeoman’s Test) ………………………47
Gaenslen 检查(Gaenslen’s Test) ………………………47
Ober 检查(Ober’s Test) ………………………………48
Noble 压迫检查(Noble’s Compression Test) …………48
直腿抬举检查(Straight Leg Raise Test) ………………49
Ely 检查(Ely’s Test) …………………………………50
松垮检查(Slump Test) ………………………………50
股神经牵张检查(Femoral Nerve Stretch Test) ………51
下肢不等长(Leg Length Discrepancy) ………………51
股骨前倾(Femoral Anteversion) ………………………52
Hoover 征(Hoover’s Sign) ……………………………52
Herbison背部3分钟检查法
(The Herbison 3-Minute Back Exam) …………53
1 胸部旋转(Thoracic Rotation) ……………………53
2 Thomas 检查(Thomas’s Test) ……………………54
3 改良Gaenslen 检查(Modified Gaenslen’s Test) …54
4 改良Ely 检查(Modified Ely’s Test) ………………55
5 改良股神经牵张检查
(Modified Femoral Nerve Stretch Test) …55
6 改良Ober 检查(Modified Ober’s Test) ……………56
7 髋部活动范围检查(Hip Range of Motion Test) …56
8 直腿抬举检查(Straight Leg Raise Test) …………57
9 FABERE/Patrick 检查(FABERE/Patrick’s Test) …58
膝部检查 (Knee Exam) ………………………………59
简介(Introduction) ……………………………………59
膝部的活动范围(Range of motion of the Knee) ……60
膝部触诊(Palpation of the Knee) ……………………61
髌骨上方压迫检查(Suprapatellar Compression Test) ……64
髌骨轻推滑动检查(Patellar Ballotment) ……………64
向前拖曳检查(Anterior Drawer Test) ………………65
轴向移动检查(Pivot Shift Test) ………………………66
向后拖曳检查(Posterior Drawer Test) ………………66
Lachman 检查(Lachman’s Test) ………………………67
McMurray 检查(McMurray’s Test) ……………………67
外侧稳定度检查(Test for Lateral Stability) …………68
关节线压痛检查(Joint Line Tenderness Test) ………68
内侧稳定度检查(Test for Medial Stability) …………69
Apley 碾磨检查(Apley’s Grinding Test) ………………69
Apley 牵引检查(Apley’s Distraction Test) ……………70
腓骨头处腓神经的Tinel 征
(Tinel’s Sign of Peroneal Nerve at Fibular Head) …70
踝部检查 (Foot and Ankle Exam) …………………71
简介(Introduction) ……………………………………71
踝部的活动范围(Range of Motion of the Ankle) ……72
踝部触诊(Palpation of the Ankle) ……………………73
跟腱触诊(Achilles Tendon Palpation) ………………76
紧握挤压检查 (Thompson 检查)
[Squeeze Test(Thompson’s Test)] ………………76
踝部向前拖拽检查(Ankle Anterior Drawer) …………77
外旋检查(External Rotation Test) ……………………78
距骨倾斜检查(Talar Tilt Test) ………………………79
足底筋膜炎检查(Plantar Fasciitis Test) ………………79
跗管检查 ( 踝部胫神经的Tinel 征)
[Tarsal Tunnel Test (Tinel’s Sign of nerve at Ankle)] 80
第2章 肌肉检查 ……………………………………81
简介 (Introduction) ……………………………………82
肌力分级(Grading Muscle Strength) …………………83
上肢(Upper Extremities) ……………………………84
上斜方肌(Upper Trapezius) …………………………84
中斜方肌(Middle Trapezius) …………………………84
下斜方肌(Lower Trapezius) …………………………85
中三角肌(Middle Deltoid) ……………………………85
胸大肌(Pectoralis Major) ……………………………86
菱形肌(Rhomboids) …………………………………87
前锯肌(Serratus Anterior) ……………………………88
肩胛下肌(Subscapularis) ………………………………89
肩部外旋肌(Shoulder External Rotators) ……………90
肱二头肌(Biceps Brachii) ……………………………92
肱三头肌(Triceps) ……………………………………93
旋前圆肌(Pronator Teres) ……………………………94
桡侧腕屈肌(Flexor Carpi Radialis) …………………94
尺侧腕屈肌(Flexor Carpi Ulnaris) ……………………95
桡侧腕长伸肌和桡侧腕短伸肌
(Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Brevis) ……96
指浅屈肌(Flexor Digitorum Superficialis) ……………97
指深屈肌(Flexor Digitorum Superficialis) ……………98
示指伸肌(Extensor Indicis) ……………………………99
拇长屈肌(Flexor Pollicis Longus) ……………………100
拇长伸肌和拇短伸肌
(Extensor Pollicis Longus and Brevis) ……………100
拇短展肌(Abductor Pollicis Brevis) …………………101
拇收肌(Adductor Pollicis) ……………………………102
第一骨间背侧肌(First Dorsal Interosseous) …………103
小指展肌(Abductor Digiti Minimi) …………………104
骨间掌侧肌(Palmar Interossei) ………………………104
掌长肌(Palmaris Longus) ……………………………105
下肢(Lower Extremities) ……………………………106
髂腰肌(iliopsoas) ………………………………………106
髋部内收肌(Hip Adductors) …………………………107
髋部外展肌(Hip Adbuctors) …………………………108
髋部内旋肌(Hip Internal Rotators) ……………………109
股四头肌(Quadriceps) …………………………………110
腿后群肌(Hamstrings) ………………………………111
胫骨前肌(Tibialis Anterior) …………………………112
胫骨后肌(Tibialis Posterior) …………………………113
腓骨长肌和腓骨短肌(Peroneus Longus and Brvis) …114
长屈肌(Flexor Hallucis Longus) ……………………114
长伸肌(Extensor Hallucis Longus) …………………115
腓肠肌和比目鱼肌(Gastrocnemius and Soleus) ……116
第3章 反射检查 ……………………………………117
简介 (Introduction) ……………………………………118
深腱/ 肌肉牵张反射的分级(Grading Deep Tendon/Muscle
Stretch Reflexes) ……………………………………119
记录反射的常用方法(Conventional Method of
Documenting Reflexes) ……………………………120
上肢反射 (Upper Extremity Reflexes) ……………121
肱二头肌反射 (C5) (Biceps Reflex) ……………………121
肱桡肌反射 (C6) (Brachioradialis Reflex) ……………121
桡侧腕伸肌反射 (C6)
(Extensor Caepi Radialis Reflex) …………………122
旋前圆肌反射 (C6) (Pronator Teres Reflex) …………122
肱三头肌反射 (C7) (Triceps Reflex) …………………123
手屈肌反射 (C8/T1) (Finger Flexors Reflex) …………123
下肢反射 (Lower Extremity Reflexes) ……………124
内收肌反射 (L3) (Adductor Reflex) ……………………124
髌反射(L4)(Patellar Reflex)…………………………124
内侧腿后肌群反射 (L5) (Medial Hamstring Reflex) …125
踝阵挛反射 (S1) ………………………………………125
外侧腿后肌群反射 (S1) (Lateral Hamstring Reflex) …126
其他 ………………………………………………………127
Babinski 征(Babinski’s Sign) …………………………127
Chaddock 征(Chaddock’s Sign) ………………………128
Oppenheim 征(Oppenheim’s Sign) ……………………128
Hoffman 征(Hoffman’s Sign) …………………………129
Wartenberg 征(Wartenberg’s Sign) ……………………129
颌反射(Jaw Jerk) ………………………………………130
掌颏反射(Palmomental) ………………………………130
眉心反射(Glabellar Reflex) …………………………131
鼻口部反射(Snout Reflex) ……………………………131
Jendrassik 操作法(Jendrassik’s Maneuver) ……………132
第4章 周围神经检查 ………………………………133
简介 (Introductoin) ……………………………………134
外周神经和脊神经根 ( 正面分布) [Peripheral Nerves and
Spinal Roots (Anterior Distribution) ………………135
外周神和脊神经根 ( 背面分布) [Peripheral Nerves and
Spinal Roots (Posterior Distribution)] ………………136
上肢 (Upper Extremities) ……………………………137
臂从神经(Brachial Plexus) ……………………………137
肌皮神经(Musculocutaneous Nerve) …………………138
正中神经(Median Nerve) ……………………………139
桡神经和腋神经(Radial and Axillary Nerves) ………140
尺神经(Ulnar Nerve) …………………………………141
神经根皮节分区检查的临床标志(Clinical Landmarks
for Root-level Dermatomal Examination) …………142
下肢 (Lower Extremities) ……………………………144
腰从、骶丛神经(Lumbosacral Plexus) ………………144
股神经(Femoral Nerve) ………………………………145
闭孔神经(Obturator Nerve)……………………………146
腓神经[Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve] ………………………147
胫神经(Tibial Nerve) …………………………………148
神经根皮节分区检查的临床标志(Clinical Landmarks
for Root-level Dermatomal Examination) …………149
其他 (Miscellaneous) …………………………………151
轻触检查(Light Touch Sensatoin) ……………………151
针刺检查(Pinprick Sensation) …………………………152
振动检查(Vibratory Sensation) ………………………153
体位觉(Propriception) …………………………………154
第5章 步态和姿势 …………………………………155
简介 (Introduction) ……………………………………156
姿势评估(Posture Evaluation)…………………………157
步态周期(Gait Cycle) …………………………………160
常见的步态异常
(Common Abnormalities of Gait) …………………161
Trendelenburg 氏步态(Trendelenburg Gait) …………161
腿长不等(Leg Length Discrepancy) …………………161
止痛 ( 剧痛) 步态 [Antalgic (Painful) Gait] ……………161
共济失调步态(Ataxic Gait) …………………………162
神经病变性步态(Neuropathic Gait) …………………162
足部拍击地面(Foot Stap) ……………………………163
跨越步态(Steppage Gait) ……………………………163
膝关节反屈(Knee Recurvatum) ………………………163
臀大肌跛行(Gluteus Maximus Lurch) ………………164
痉挛型偏瘫步态(Spastic Hemiplegic Gait) …………164
痉挛型双侧麻痹步态(Spastic Diplegic Gait) …………165
肌营养不良步态(Dystrophic Gait) ……………………165
回转步态(Circumduction Gait) ………………………166
帕金森病步态(Parkinsonian Gait) ……………………166
步态周期图解(Gait Cycle Diagram) …………………167
第6章 脊髓损伤检查 ………………………………169
简介 (Introduction) ……………………………………170
美国脊椎损伤学会(American Spinal Injury
Association) …………………………………………171
脊髓综合征(Spinal Cord Syndrome) …………………171
感觉检查(Sensory Examination)………………………172
运动检查(Motor Examination) ………………………175
功能损伤评分(Impairment Scale) ……………………176
分类步骤(Steps in Clasification) ………………………177
标准分类表(Standard Classification Form) …………178
第7章 参考表格和资料 ……………………………179
简介 (Introduction) ……………………………………180
神经学和肌肉骨骼学参考资料
(Neurologic and Musculoskeletal Resources) …181
解剖平面和说明(Anatomic Planes and Descriptors) …181
肌力分级(Grading Muscle Strength) …………………182
评估痉挛的改良Ashworth 评分系统(Modified Ashworth
Scale for Grading Spasticity) ………………………183
深部肌腱/ 肌肉牵张反射分级(Grading Deep Tendon/
Muscle Stretch Reflexes) …………………………184
记录反射的传统方法(Conventional Method of
Documenting Reflexes) ……………………………185
上运动神经元与下运动神经元病况之比较(Upper Motor
Neuron Versus Lower Motor Neuron Findings) ……186
典型上肢神经根病变(Classic Upper Extremity
Radiculopathies) ……………………………………187
典型下肢神经根病变(Classic Lower Extremity
Radiculopathies) ……………………………………188
疼痛类型(Types of Pain) ………………………………189
不自主动作的定义(Definitions of Involuntary Motor
Movements) ………………………………………190
常见卒中综合征(Common Stroke Syndrome) ………191
美国风湿病学院1990 年纤维肌痛症分类标准(American
College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the
Classification of Fibromyalgia) ……………………195
非器质性下背痛的Waddell 征(Waddell’s Sign of
Nonorganic Low Back Pain) ………………………197
对称性肌肉无力的诊断
(Diagnosis of Symmetric Muscle Weakness) ……198
疼痛的视觉类比评分量表
(Visual Analog Scale of Pain) ……………………200
Wong-Baker FACES 小儿疼痛评估表(Wong-Baker’s
FACES Pain Rating Scale) …………………………201
第8章 肌肉骨骼图谱 ………………………………203
简介 (Introduction) ……………………………………204
上肢 (Upper Extremities) ……………………………205
下肢 (Lower Extremities) ……………………………212
第9章 肌肉简表 ……………………………………217
简介 (Introduction) ……………………………………218
上肢(Upper Extremities) ……………………………219
肌肉动作、解剖位置和神经支配——肩部与上臂
(Muscle Action, Location and Innervation——
Shoulder and Arm) …………………………………219
肌肉动作、解剖位置和神经支配——前臂(Muscle
Action,Location and Innervation——Forearm) …223
肌肉动作、解剖位置和神经支配——手部(Muscle
Action,Location and Innervation——Hand) ……226
下肢 (Lower Extremities) ……………………………228
肌肉动作、解剖位置和神经支配——腹部、髋部、骨盆
(Muscle Action,Location and Innervation——
Abdomen, Hip, Pelvis) ……………………………228
肌肉动作、解剖位置和神经支配——大腿和小腿
(Muscle Action,Location and Innervation——
Thigh and Leg) ……………………………………231
肌肉动作、解剖位置和神经支配——足部(Muscle
Action,Location and Innervation——Foot) ……234
笔记
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