目录
Contents
前言............................................................................................................................
i
使用本书..................................................................................................................
iii
Chapter 1 新GRE Issue介绍及备考建议
2011 Revised GRE Issue Introduction and Preparation 1
新GRE考试简介GRE Revised General Test Introduction 3
新GRE Issue部分介绍GRE Revised General Test Issue Introduction 5
新GRE Issue评分标准Revised GRE Issue Scoring Guide 9
新GRE Issue复习策略Revised GRE Issue Preparation 11
Chapter 2 新GRE Issue简明写作指导
2011 Revised GRE Issue Brief Writing Guide 15
写作要求分析Specific Instruction Analysis 17
文章结构Essay Organization 23
开头段落Opening Paragraph 25
正文段落Body Paragraph 29
结尾段落Concluding Paragraph 32
Chapter 3 复杂性和批判性思考
Complex and Critical Thinking Skills 35
Issue题目分析与写作Analysis of Issue Topic and Writing 37
定义抽象词Defining Abstract Terms 39
评价绝对用语Evaluating Absolute Terms 41
评价情态用语Evaluating Modal Terms 45
评价对比关系Evaluating Contrast Themes 51
评价判定标准Evaluating Judging Criteria 53
评价潜在假设Evaluating Unstated Assumption 54
限定讨论范围Narrowing the Topic 56
从题目背景入手Starting from Background Statement 57
举例子Raising Supporting Examples 59
因果关系Using Cause and Effect 61
让步展开Making Concession 63
提出批判性问题Raising Critical Questions 65
提出其他意见Discussing Alternatives 66
升华题目观点Introducing Higher Level Thinking 67
分情况讨论Considering Specific Circumstances 69
反击对立观点Addressing Opposing Points 71
权衡利弊Weighing Pros and Cons 78
评价逻辑关系Evaluating Reasoning Line 80
推演结果Predicting Possible Consequences 82
正文观点布局Topic Sentence Layout 83
列提纲Outlining 87
从读题到写提纲From Analysis to Outlining 89
Chapter 4 写作指导：成长，学习，教育
Writing Guide: Growth, Learning, Education 93
选修专业外的学科Courses Outside One’s Field of Study 95
研究领域与职业发展Research Field and Career Development 98
学校与学生职业发展Educational Institutions and Career Development 101
出国留学Studying in a Foreign Country 104
IssueTopic 05 国家统一课程Pre-college National Curriculum 107
观点不同与学习Disagreement and Learning 110
学习与兴趣Learning and Interest 112
不容易成功的研究领域Unlikely-to-succeed Fields 115
学习与考试Learning and Test 117
IssueTopic 10 赞扬和忽视Praise and Ignore 120
免费大学教育Free University Education 122
教师的薪金Teachers’ Salaries 124
家长与子女教育Parents and Schooling 126
学习理念、趋势和概念在先Studying Ideas, Trends and Concepts First 128
IssueTopic 15 学生的思想Students’ Spirit 130
合作和竞争Cooperation or Competition 132
学习与激励Learning and Motivation 134
发明与学习Innovations and Learning 136
学习与质疑Learning and Questioning 138
IssueTopic 20 天才儿童教育Talented Students Education 140
学术界外的工作Working Outside the Academic World 142
选修课Elective Courses 143
想象力文学Imaginative Literature 145
Chapter 5 写作指导：科学，技术，生活
Writing Guide: Science, Technology, Life 147
濒危物种保护Endangered Species Protection 149
IssueTopic 25 知识的局限性Limits of Knowledge 151
政府与科研资助Government and Scientific Funding 154
独立思考Thinking for Oneself 156
科研与公众福祉Research and Public Benefits 158
科技与人际交流Technology and Human Interaction 160
IssueTopic 30 科研与实用性Research and Practicality 161
新手与专家Beginners and Experts 164
过去的研究Past Achievements 165
领域外的知识和经验Knowledge and Experience Outside 167
偶然发现Accidental Discovery 169
IssueTopic 35 政府与科研限制Government and Research Restriction 170
人类智慧和机器智慧Human Intelligence Vs Machine Intelligence 172
科技与生活Technology and Life 173
奢华和方便Luxury and Convenience 175
快节奏的生活Rapid-paced Life 177
Chapter 6 写作指导：政治，法律，社会
Writing Guide: Politics, Law, Society
179
IssueTopic 40 国家的伟大Indicator of a Great Nation 181
政府决策Government Decision Making 184
原生态地区保护Wilderness Areas Protection 188
领导任期Leader Term Limit 190
政治家与道德Politicians and Morality 193
IssueTopic 45 国家领导者的工作效率National Leaders’ Effectiveness 195
领导与责任Leadership and Responsibility 197
质疑权威Questioning Authority 199
法律的灵活性Flexible Laws 200
法律与人Law and Human 202
IssueTopic 50 理性的一致和深奥的理想Reasonable Consensus or Elusive Ideals
204
当务之急和未来问题Immediate or Future Problems 206
向大众隐瞒信息Withholding Information from the Public 207
社会整体成功Society’s Overall Success 209
不公平的法律Unjust Laws 211
IssueTopic 55 企业社会责任Corporate Social Responsibility 214
丑闻Scandals 216
Chapter 7 写作指导：思想，行为，方法
Writing Guide: Thinking, Behavior, Methods 219
想象力Imagination 221
追寻长期目标Pursuing Long-term Goals 223
辩论Arguments 225
IssueTopic 60 人们的行为People’s Behaviors 227
批判性评判Critical Judgment 229
效忠与批判Committed or Critical 230
信仰与妥协Belief and Compromise 232
最好的主意Best Ideas 234
IssueTopic 65 形式与内容Image and Reality 235
人们的态度People’s Attitudes 237
危险活动Risky Action 239
讨论Discussion 241
成功与个人目标Success and Personal Goals 242
IssueTopic 70 事实与置信Facts and Trust 244
不择手段Any Means 246
Chapter 8 写作指导：历史，文化，传播
Writing Reference: History, Culture, Media 249
历史与决策History and Decision Making 251
媒体与英雄人物Media and Hero 253
政府与艺术资助Government and Artistic Patronage 256
IssueTopic 75 社会模范Society’s Role Model 258
城市和文化传统City and Cultural Traditions 260
城市与社会特点Major Cities and Society’s Features 262
个人身份和社会群体Personal Identity and Social Groups 264
年轻人的潮流Trends of the Youth 265
IssueTopic 80 艺术资助与其完整性Artistic Patronage and the Integrity of Art
267
艺术与可理解性Art and Understandability 269
个人伟大的判断Judgment on Individuals’ Greatness 270
研究历史的好处Benefits of History Study 272
历史建筑保护Historical Buildings Protection 274
Chapter 9 写作参考：成长，学习，教育
Writing Reference: Growth, Learning, Education 277
创造性思维Creative Thinking 281
批判性思维Critical Thinking 282
社会化Socialization 284
情绪发展Emotional Development 285
Reference 005 决策能力培养Decision-making Skills 287
质疑能力培养Skepticism Development 289
独立思考能力Intellectual Autonomy 291
多维智力Multi-dimensional Intelligence 292
团队协作Teamwork 293
Reference 010 自我进步Self-improvement 295
教育的目的The Purposes of Education 296
教育与社会Education and Society 297
教育与社会控制Education and Social Control 299
教育与社会需求Needs-of-society Education 300
Reference 015 教育与学生需求Student-centered Education 303
教育与职业发展Education and Career Development 304
教育与收入Education and Benefits 306
教育与父母参与Education and Parent Involvement 307
教育与科技Education and Technology 310
Reference 020 出国留学Studying Abroad 312
大学的作用The Function of a University 314
免费大学教育Free University Education 316
义务教育Compulsory Education 317
居家教育Home-schooling 318
Reference 025 天才儿童教育Talented Learner Education 319
有关教师Teachers 321
教师的薪金Teachers’ Salaries 324
教育无用? Education is Useless? 326
选择教育的权利Choosing Your Own Education 326
Reference 030 与世隔绝的象牙塔School—Ivory Tower Isolated from the Outside
World? 327
道德教育Moral Education 327
公民教育Citizenship Education 329
价值教育Value Education 329
品格教育Character Education 331
Reference 035 艺术教育Art Education 332
想象力文学Imaginative Works 333
学科交叉Interdisciplinarity 334
选修课Elective Course 336
课外活动Extracurricular Activities 337
Reference 040 国家统一课程National Curriculum 338
学习成绩评估Assessment of Learning 339
高风险的考试High-stake Test 340
学习与考试Learning and Testing 342
学习的目的Why We Learn 343
Reference 045 学习的过程How Do We Learn 345
学习与建立概念Learning and Conceptualizing 346
学习与理解思想Learning and Understanding Ideas 347
死记硬背Rote Learning 349
学习与讨论Learning and Discussion 350
Reference 050 学习与提问Learning and Questioning 351
学习与兴趣Learning and Interest 353
共同学习Cooperative Learning 355
学习与竞争Learning and Competition 356
学习与父母帮助Learning and Parents’ Help 358
Reference 055 学习与激励Learning and Motivation 360
赞扬与批评Praise and Criticism 362
头脑风暴Brainstorming 366
苏格拉底问答学习法Socratic Questioning Method 367
改造主义教育Educational Reconstructionism 368
Reference 060 构成主义教育Educational Constructivism 369
进步主义教育Educational Progressivism 369
人本主义教育Humanistic Education 371
要素主义教育Educational Essentialism 372
永恒主义教育Educational Perennialism 372
Chapter 10 写作参考：科学，技术，生活
Writing Reference: Science, Technology, Life 375
Reference 065 有关科学Science 379
现代科学起源Origins of Modern Science 381
技术进步Technological Advances 383
科学的自由Freedom of Science 385
科技与社会Science, Technology and Society 387
Reference 070 科技乌托邦Techno-utopianism 388
科技与质疑Science and Inquiry 389
科技双刃剑Science and Technology: a Two-edged Weapon 390
科学局限性Science and Its Limits 392
知识局限性Knowledge and Its Limits 394
Reference 075 科学发现Scientific Discovery 396
科学发现与运气Scientific Discovery and Serendipity 398
偶然发明Accidental Discoveries 399
科学研究Scientific Research 401
科学研究与资助Scientific Research and Funding 403
Reference 080 科学研究与伦理Scientific Research and Ethics 404
科学家与社会责任Scientists and Social Responsibility 406
科学研究与利益矛盾Scientific Research and Conflicting Interests 409
科学研究与公众利益Scientific Research and Public Benefits 411
科学研究与商业利益Scientific Research and Business Benefits 413
Reference 085 科学研究与不确定性Scientific Research and Uncertainty
414
21世纪的科学Science for 21st Century 415
科技促进交流Technology and Human Interaction 420
科技让人疏远Technology and Human Isolation 421
全球变暖Global Warming 422
Reference 090 石油危机Oil Crisis 423
物种灭绝Species Extinction 424
能源安全Energy Security 426
克隆Clone 427
干细胞研究Stem Cell Research 428
Reference 095 转基因食品Genetically Modified Food 429
低碳生活Low Carbon 430
核武器Nuclear Weapon 431
食品安全Food Security 432
水污染Water Pollution 432
Reference 100 可持续发展Sustainable Development 434
原生态区域保护Wilderness Areas Protection 435
保护臭氧层Ozone Layer Protection 438
艾滋病AIDS 438
贫困Global Poverty 439
Reference 105 信息时代Cyber Age 440
网瘾Internet Addiction Disorder 442
全球化Globalization 443
现代化与传统Modernization and Tradition 444
消费Consumption 445
Reference 110 恐怖主义Terrorism 448
人工智能Artificial Intelligence 449
老龄化An Aging Society 450
Chapter 11 写作参考：政治，法律，社会
Writing Reference: Politics, Law, Society 453
有关政治Politics 455
公民参与Civic Engagement 457
Reference 115 政治决策Political Decision 457
政治信仰Political Belief 459
绿色政治哲学Green Political Philosophy 460
政治与道德Politics and Morality 461
有关政府Government 463
Reference 120 政府透明运作Transparency in Government Operations 465
优质管理Good Governance 467
政绩考核Government Performance Measurement 468
国家实力National Power 470
战略计划Strategic Planning 471
Reference 125 危机管理Crisis Management 473
政府预测Government Forecasting 474
有关领导者Leaders 475
广开言路Leaders and Openness 478
领导与责任Leaders and Responsibility 478
Reference 130 领导任期限制Leader Term Limits 480
有关法律Law 482
法律的作用Functions of Law 483
法律变革Legal Reform 485
法律与服从Law and Obedience 486
Reference 135 不公平的法律Unjust Law 488
不合作主义Civil Disobedience 489
法律与道德Law and Morality 491
权利与权威Power and Authority 492
社会与个体Society and Individuals 495
Reference 140 集体利益Common Good 497
企业社会责任Corporate Social Responsibility 498
审查制度Censorship 501
丑闻Scandals 503
Chapter 12 写作参考：思想，行为，方法
Writing Reference: Thinking, Behavior, Methods 507
有关信仰Belief 509
Reference 145 信仰与质疑Beliefs and Skepticism 510
质疑与生活Skepticism and Life 512
挑战信仰Challenging Beliefs 513
辩论Argument 514
四种讨论方法Four Discussion Methods 516
Reference 150 反对的艺术The Art of Disagreement 518
建设性反对Constructive Disagreement 520
想象力Imagination 521
创造力Creativity 524
创意Best Ideas 526
Reference 155 模仿与创新Imitation and Creation 527
有关态度Attitude 528
形象与实际Image and Reality 532
风险管理Think Before You Act 534
有关成功Success 535
Reference 160 设定个人目标Setting Personal Goals 538
知识与经验Knowledge and Experience 540
个人主义与集体主义Individualism and Collectivism 542
功利主义Utilitarianism 543
马基雅维利主义Machiavellism 544
Reference 165 实用主义Pragmatism 546
Chapter 13 写作参考：历史，文化，传播
Writing Reference: History, Culture, Media 549
有关历史History 551
历史重要性History and Its Importance 552
历史建筑保护Historical Buildings Protection 555
大国崛起Great Powers 557
Reference 170 有关文化Culture 559
跨文化交流Intercultural Communication 560
文化身份与全球化Cultural Identity and Globalization 562
有关宗教Religion 564
仪式、典礼与文化Ritual, Ceremony and Culture 565
Reference 175 流行文化Fashions and Fads 566
个人身份Personal Identity 570
时尚与身份Fashion and Identity 571
有关城市City 572
城市与文化展示City and Culture Show 575
Reference 180 有关媒体Mass Media 576
媒体自由The Freedom of Media 579
言论自由The Freedom of Speech 580
媒体与偷窥Media and Voyeurism 581
社会模范Society’s Role Model 582
Reference 185 有关艺术Art 585
艺术精神Art Spirit 586
艺术与完整性Art and Integrity 588
艺术与资助Art and Patronage 589
艺术与评论Art and Criticism 591
Reference 190 艺术与观众Art and Audience 593
Chapter 14 人物素材史料库
Influential People and Their Brief Stories 597
人物People: BCE–1000 599
人物People: 1000–1500 602
人物People: 1500–1600 605
人物People: 1600–1800 607
人物People: 1800–1850 611
人物People: 1850–1900 616
人物People: 1900–Present 622
Chapter 15 附录
Appendices 627
关键词替换Issue Task Keyword Alternative 629
主要参考文献及推荐阅读Principal Sources and Further Reading 637
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