CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHAPTER Ⅰ DETERMINATION OF ROOT CANAL WORKING LENGTH 001
PART Ⅰ GENERAL DESCRIPTION 001
1.1 Signi.cance of Working Length in Root Canal Treatment 001
1.2 Theoretical Basis of Precise Determination 002
PART Ⅱ COMMON METHODS FOR WORKING LENGTH DETERMINATION 002
2.1 History of Working Length Determination 002
2.2 Concept, Operation And Signi.cance of Tactile Method 003
2.2 Concept, Operation And Signi.cance of Radiographic Method 004
2.3 Concept, Operation And Signi.cance of Electronic Method 004
PART Ⅲ DETERMINATION OF THE ROOT CANAL WORKING LENGTH 006
3.1 Anatomic Foundation of the Apical Area 006
3.2 Clinical Methods in Precise Determination of Working Length 007
3.3 Clinical Technique with Electronic Apex Locators 008
3.4 Clinical Consideration on Working Length Determination 008
3.4 Operation Announcements 011
REFERENCES 011
CHAPTER Ⅱ DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION ON MICRO ROOT CANAL TREAT-MENT 012
PART Ⅰ DEVELOPMENT OF SURGICAL MICROSCOPE 012
PART Ⅱ CHARACTERISTIC OF SURGICAL MICROSCOPE 013
2.1 Magni.cation 013
2.2 Illumination 013
PART Ⅲ.ADVANTAGE COMBINED WITH RCT AND SURGICAL MICROSCOPE 013
Search Root Canal Ori.ce 013
PART Ⅳ.MANAGING CANAL CALCIFICATION AND BLOCKAGE 014
PART Ⅴ MANAGING INSTRUMENTS SEPARATION 015
PART Ⅵ MICRO-ULTRASONIC TECHNOLOGY 015
PART Ⅶ MICRO-TUBE TECHNIQUE 015
PART Ⅷ PERFORATION REPAIR 017
PART Ⅸ CRACK DETECTION 018
PART Ⅹ PERIAPICAL SURGERY 018
Instruments Comparison 018
PART Ⅺ COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND MICROSURGERY 018
CHAPTER Ⅲ ROOT CANAL RETREATMENT 022
PART Ⅰ CAUSES FOR FAILURE OF ENDODONTIC TREATMENT 022
PART Ⅱ INDICATION OF RETREATMENT 023
2.1 Indication of Retreatment 023
2.2 Contraindication of Retreatment 023
2.3 The Risk And Advantage of Retreatment 024
PART Ⅲ PROCEDURES FOR RETREATMENT 024
3.1 Removal of Crown 024
3.2 Management of Root Canal Omittance 024
3.3 Removal of Gutta-percha 025
3.4 Management of Calci.cation 025
3.5 Management of Ledge 026
3.6 Management of Root Perforation 027
PART Ⅳ POST-TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS 028
4.1 Flare-up 028
4.2 Final Coronal Restoration 028
4.3 Follow-up Visits 028
4.4 Prognosis for Healing 028
REFERENCES 028
CHAPTER Ⅳ STRATEGIES TO THE PROBLEMS IN THE PROCESS OF ROOT CANAL TREATMENT 030
PART Ⅰ LOSS OF WORKING LENGTH 030
PART Ⅱ ROOT CANAL BLOCKAGE 030
PART Ⅲ LEDGE FORMATION 031
PART Ⅳ TRANSPORTATION 033
4.1 Canal Transportation 033
4.2 Zip Formation 033
4.3 Elbow Formation 033
PART Ⅴ PERFORATIONS 034
5.1 Four Dimeusious of A Perforation 034
5.2 Cervical Canal Perforations 035
5.3 Midroot Perforations 035
5.4 Apical Perforations 035
PART Ⅵ INADEQUATE OR INAPPROPRIATE ENLARGING AND SHAPING THAT HIN-DER THE PROVISION OF QUALITY TREATMENT 035
6.1 Enlarging And Shaping Beyond the Canal Terminus 035
6.2 Excessive Removal of Root Dentin 036
6.3 Failure to Properly Enlarge And Shape the Canal 036
CHAPTER Ⅴ THE EFFECT OF OVAL CANAL ON ROOT CANAL TREATMENT 037
PART Ⅰ THE DEFINITION AND PREVALENCE OF OVAL CANAL 037
1.1 The De.niton of Oval Canal 037
1.2 Occurrence of Oval Canal 037
PART Ⅱ PREPARATION OF OVAL CANAL 039
2.1 Mechanical Preparation 039
2.2 Machine Preparation Methods 039
2.3 Chemical Prepare 040
PART Ⅲ OBTURATION OF OVAL ROOT CANALS 040
3.1 Cold Lateral Condensation of Gutta-percha 041
3.2 Warm Gutta-percha Fillings 041
3.3 Conclusion 042
REFERENCES 042
CHAPTER Ⅵ RADIOGRAPHIC AIDS IN ROOT CANAL TREATMENT 044
PART Ⅰ INTRAORAL PERIAPICAL RADIOGRAPHY 044
1.1 Principles of Periapical Radiography 044
1.2 Limitations of the Periapical Radiography 044
1.3 Interpretation of Radiograph 045
PART Ⅱ COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) 045
2.1 The Traditional CT 045
2.2 Cone-beam CT 045
2.3 Application of Cone Beam CT in Endodentics 046
REFERENCES 047
CHAPTER Ⅶ FRONTIERS IN PERIODONTAL MICROBIOLOGY 050
PART Ⅰ CURRENT CONCEPT AND PROGRESS FOR SUBGINGIVAL BIOFILM RE-SEARCH 050
1.1 Formation And Construction of Subgingival Bio.lm 050
1.2 Bacterial Community of Subgingival Bio.lm 052
1.3 Multiple Interspecies Interactions And Special Bacterial Behavior in Subgingival Bio.lm 054
PART Ⅱ CURRENT CONCEPT IN PATHOGENICITY OF PERIODONTAL PATHO-GENS 058
2.1 Current Concept of Periodontal Pathogens 058
2.2 Progress of Periodontal Primary Pathogenic Bacteria Research 058
2.3 Progress of Periodontal Virus Research 062
PART Ⅲ OVERVIEW OF MICROBIAL ETIOLOGY IN PERIODONTAL DISEASE 064
REFERENCES 065
CHAPTER Ⅷ RESEARCH PROGRESS OF AETIOLOGY FROM SYSTEMIC DISOR-DERS 066
PART Ⅰ STRESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS 066
1.1 What Is Stress? 066
1.2 Stress In.uence Life-style 067
1.3 Interaction Between Stress And Periodontal Disease 068
PART Ⅱ RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE 068
2.1 RA May Be A Causal Factor for Periodontitis 069
2.2 Periodontitis May Be A Causal Factor for RA 070
2.3 Genetic Factors in RA And Periodon
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