LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
PREFACE
ABOUT THE EDITORS
7．THERMOFORMING
INTRODUCTION
Process
Growth
Product
OPERATING BASICS
Forming Pressure
Controlling Pressure
Mold Construction
Sheet Prestretch
PLASTIC
Overview
Property／Performance
Plastics Thermal Expansion
Thermoforming Polypropylene
Thermoforming Reinforced Plastic
HEATING
Heating Method
Heat Control
Heater Type
Annealing
COOLING
Heat—Transfer Requirement
EQUIPMENT
Function
MOLD
Overview
Detail
Design
Material of Construction
PROCESSING
Processing Phase
Process Control
Vacuum Forming
Pressure Forming
Vacuum／Air Pressure Forming
Blow Forming
Drape Forming
Drape Vacuum Forming
Drape Vacuum—Assisted Frame Forming
Drape with Bubble Stretching Forming
Snap—Back
Plug—Assisted Forming
Plug—Assisted and Ring Forming
Ridge Forming
Billow Forming
Billow Plug—Assisted Forming
Billow—UpVacuum Snap—Back
Billow Snap—Back Forming
Air—Slip Forming
Air—Slip Plug—Assisted Forming
Blister Package Forming
Draw Forming
Dip Forming
Form， Fill， and Seal
Form．Fill， and Seal vs．Preform
Form， Fill， and Seal with Zipper In—Line
Multiple—Step Forming
Matched Mold Forming
Mechanical Forming
Forging Forming
Twin—Sheet Forming
Cold Forming
Comoform Cold Forming
Shrink—Wrap Forming
Scrapless Forming
Forming and Spraying
Postforming
Bend Forming
TRIMMING／SECONDARY EQUIPMENT
DESIGN
Over view
Tolerance
Plastics Memory
TROUBLESHOOTING
SUMMARY
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